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OU HES 2823 - B Vitamins Niacin, B12, Folate, and B6
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HES 2823 1st Edition Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture I. Fat Soluble Vitamins (continued)A. Vitamin C (continued)1. Food Sources (continued)2. Toxicity3. Recommended IntakeB. B Vitamins1. Functions2. Thiamin3. Riboflavin4. NiacinOutline of Current Lecture I. Fat Soluble Vitamins (continued)A. B Vitamins1. Niacin (continued)2. Vitamin B63. Folate4. Vitamin B12Current LectureI. Fat Soluble Vitamins (continued)A. B Vitamins1. Niacin (continued)1. Deficiency (continued)a. Pellagrai. Common in late 1800s and early 1900sii. Concentrated in south east US (African Americans in the poor south)iii. 1930s: Goldberger (US health director) charged to find cure- Hypothesized vitamin deficiency rather thancontagion- Experiment (heroic): he had his wife and children volunteer to eat the excrement of pellagra sufferersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Cure: nicotinic acida. He feared public confusion and subsequent approval of cigarette nicotine, so they renamed it niacin- Diet of sufferers: cornbread and fat back (cheap pork rinds)a. Poor sources of niacinb. Thus, they enriched grains with thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin- Symptoms (3 Ds)a. Diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis (on extremities and bisymmetrical)2. Food Sourcesa. Enriched grainsb. Meats3. Toxicitya. 50x RDAb. Previously used as treatment for hypercholesterolemiac. Resulted in flushed skin due to dilated capillary beds and blood flow increase to the surface of the skind. Not common now due to discomfort of reactions2. Vitamin B61. Pyridoxine – pill form2. Pyridoxal3. Pyridoamine4. Functiona. Amino acid metabolism, such as deamination5. Deficiency (very uncommon)a. Seizures (1930s: poorly constructed infant formulas)6. Food sourcesa. High protein meats7. Toxicitya. 50x RDAb. 1980s: prescribed to reduce premenstrual syndrome symptoms but not effectivec. nerve degeneration (permanent)3. Folate1. Naturally occurring in foods2. Folic acid: supplement or fortified substance added to foods3. Functiona. DNA synthesis required for cell division4. Deficiencya. Megaloblastic (large cells) anemia (fatigue)i. Red blood cells grow and prepare for cell division but fail to divide, causing large, nonfunctional RBCsii. Most common vitamin deficiency during pregnancyin the US- Causes neural tube defect (birth defect)- The skull and spinal column (protect the brain and spinal cord) develops first- Anencephaly: baby born without a brain- Spina bifida: one or more vertebrae do not grow closed, so the spinal cord remains exposed and can grow outside of the spinal column- Prenatal vitamins are not consumed until 4-6 weeks into pregnancy generally, but neural tube develops 2-3 weeks into pregnancy- 1994: fortification of enriched breads with folic acidb. increases blood homocysteine levels, increasing risk of heart disease (equal importance to cholesterol)5. Toxicitya. Feared too much folic acid in bread b. Masks vitamin B12 deficiency, making it more difficult to diagnose (especially in the elderly)c. Elderly rights vs. unborn rights: compromised and added half the amount of folic acid, resulting in relative success6. Recommendationa. Women planning pregnancy should take a folic acid supplement7. Food Sourcesa. Enriched breadsb. Green, leafy vegetablesc. Orange juice4. Vitamin B121. Cyanocobalamin2. Functiona. DNA synthesis required for cell division3. Deficiencya. Pernicious anemiai. Megaloblasts presentii. Nerve degeneration also associated with agingiii. At risk group: the elderly- Compound in stomach juices that is required for B12 absorption absent- Many people lose the ability to produce thiscompound as they age- 10% of the elderly suffer from this but not due to poor dietary intake- treated by B12 injections to bypass the gut4. Food Sourcesa. Animal originb. Plants contain


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OU HES 2823 - B Vitamins Niacin, B12, Folate, and B6

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