BIO 1150 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 11 – 16Osmoregulation- Be able to define osmoregulation and what it is used for- Be aware of the three things regulated by osmoregulation- Differentiate between osmoconformers and osmoregulators- Know what filtration is- Be able to explain the role of kidneys - Define and understand osmosis, osmolarity and molarity- Define and identify the uses of aquaporins- Be able to explain how osmosis works- Differentiate between passive and active transport- Be able to explain how urine is secreted by insects and mammals- Know what osmoregulation is regulated byReproduction- Define and differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction- Know what haploid and diploid means- Know how asexual reproduction works (mitosis)- Know how sexual reproduction works (meiosis)- Be able to explain the differences between male and female humans- Understand hormone flow in the body- Know what indifferent phase means and what the default condition is- Be able to explain primary/secondary sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics- Understand the role of testes and the components that make them up- Know the role that semen and seminiferous tubules playThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Understand sperm maturation and how leydig and sertoli cells play a part- Know and be able to explain the jobs of the hormones involved in sperm maturation- Know what ovaries are and how they mature- Know what an egg and follicle look like in the primary, mature and ovulation stage- Be able to identify all the hormones involved in ovum/follicle development- Know how positive and negative feedback work- Know how menopause and birth control affect hormones- Know and explain all the phases in a menstruation cycle- Explain fertilityNervous System- Explain the role/components of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system- Know what neurons and glial cells are- Identify and explain the three types of neurons- Know what the soma and dendrites are- Know what electrical signaling is used for- Understand how electricity in cells work- Know that ions also move down the concentration gradient- Understand how voltage gated ion channels work- Be able to explain an action potential- Understand what membrane voltage is and how if effects ion channels- Understand how neural conduction works- Know how saltatory conduction and the nerve conduction test works- Understand synapses- Understand neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter inactivation- Understand how serotonin works- Differentiate between excitation and inhibition- Understand and be able to explain the six components of motor controlSensory System- Know what part of the nervous system sensory neurons transmit info to- Know the role and function of the retina, sensory neurons and photoreceptors- Be able to identify the types of photoreceptors and how they differ- Know the role of rhopsin and how the molecule shape is restored- Be able to explain the receptor system that correlates with rhopsin- Know the effect of light exposure and how said event happens- Know what membrane voltage change does- Understand the effects of neurotransmitter release- Know the key components of what it takes to see color- Understand the roles and how sensory receptors work- Understand the perception of senses and how acclimation effects us- Be able to relate cranial nerves and senses- Know what a retina-topic representation is and what it can be used for- Understand the pathway system to the cortex- Understand how the brain divides vision into separate componentsMuscular System- Know the role of myostatin- Know how muscles achieve movement- Understand the types of muscle tissue and whether they are voluntary or involuntary- Know and be able to apply the four characteristics of muscles- Be able to identify and describe the job of each component of skeletal muscle fiber- Know what a motor unit achieves and what it is composed of- Be aware of what acetylcholine does- Understand excitation spread- Know what happens after calcium accumulates in the SR- Understand the Myosin cycle and how ATP is a major factor in it- Be aware of and understand sliding filament theory- Understand what limits muscle performance- Know the differences between oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers- Understand how muscle composition varies from mammals to fish- Be aware of the exceptions from standard muscle composition in
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