BIO 1150 1st Edition Exam 2 Study GuideChapters 41-43Animal Form and Function:- Be aware of the 2 principles of animal physiology- Know the four model organisms- Define and be able to explain how various organisms maintain homeostasis- Know the function of negative feedback and how it works- Know the differences/similarities of homeotherms, endotherms, heterotherm and ectotherms- Realize how temperature can effect various biological processes- Define allometry and know its use- Know how animal size effects metabolismNutrition/Digestion:- Know that ecosystems depend of nutrient and energy flow- Know how diets can vary from different organisms- Understand and apply the main processes of digestion- Know the differences between villi and microvilli- Understand the general process of gastric acid secretion- Remember the average pH of the blood and stomach- Understand how enzymes work- Understand how carbs, proteins and fats are absorbed- Know why the gut expands and contracts- Be able to define nutrition and why its important- Understand how Energy translates in calories and how carbs, proteins and lipids translate into calories- Know the medical concerns associated with digestion like anorexia and obesity- Understand how weight loss worksCirculation:- Know the organs associated with the cardiovascular and lymphatic system- Understand the general functions of the circulatory system- Be aware of the functions of pumps and flow pathways- Know the function and parts of the heart- Be able to label a picture of the heart and track blood flow- Know function of smooth muscle- Be able to explain how blood flows upward in the body- Know how gills work- Differentiate between systematic and pulmonary circuits- Know the process of heart contraction and how the heart beats- Differentiate between open and closed circulatory systems- Know what valves and capillaries do- Understand blood pressure and how it worksRespiration:- Know that respiration happens at organismal and cellular levels- Realize the connection between surface area and gas exchange- Also be able to relate metabolism gas exchange- Understand ventilation- Know negative and positive pressure breathing- Understand partial pressure- Know how insects breathe- Remember the pressure and oxygen concentration of oxygen in air, water, lung air and blood plasma- Know how oxygen is transported in blood- Be able to explain the role of hemoglobin and identifying featuresEndocrine System:- Define the roles of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine cells- Understand synaptic signaling and neuroendocrine- Understand how pheromones work- Be able to state the functions of endocrine tissues- Differentiate between steroid hormones, peptide/protein hormones, and prostaglandins- Identify the purpose and structure of anabolic steroids- Be aware of what the adrenal gland does- Know what NSAIDs are and what they’re used for- Know how hormones circulate- Understand how hormones regulate processes- Know how epinepherin works- Identify the signaling process involving G proteins- Know how a hormone or a receptor can perform various
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