BIOL 1140 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last LectureI. The Cell CycleII. InterphaseIII. Mitotic PhaseIV. ReplicationV. Sister ChromatidsVI. Homologous Chromosomes VII. Cell ReproductionVIII. MitosisOutline of Current Lecture I. Mitosis vs. MeiosisII. Meiosis – What isIII. Meiosis IIV. Meiosis IIV. Sex Differences in Meiosis VI. The Cardiovascular SystemVII. BloodVIII. Red Blood CellsIX. White Blood Cells Current LectureI. Mitosis vs. Meiosisa. All cells in human body divide by mitosis, except cells that form sperm and eggsb. All cells other than sperm and eggs have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs and are diploid)c. Gametes have 23 chromosomesd. Reduction in chromosome number from diploid to haploid is accomplished by meiosis, a special cell division process that occurs in ovaries and testes II. Meiosisa. Includes two successive cell division processes:i. Meiosis I1. Prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, and cytokinesisii. Meiosis II1. Prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, and cytokinesis IIIII. Meiosis IThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Prophase Ii. Duplicated homologous chromosomes pair up and swap elementsb. Metaphase Ii. Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up in a double line c. Anaphase Ii. Homologs separate, but sister chromatid stay together d. Telophase I and Cytokinesisi. End of meiosis I: two haploid daughter cells, but chromosomes are still in duplicated state IV. Meiosis IIa. Each of the two daughter cells from meiosis I goes through meiosis II (similar to mitosis)i. Prophase IIii. Metaphase IIiii. Anaphase II1. Sister chromatids separateiv. Telophase II and cytokinesis1. Nuclei have a haploid chromosome number V. Sex differences in meiosisa. Malesi. Four sperm produced from each cell entering meiosis1. All 4 can be functional spermii. Produced from puberty onwards, about 250 million a dayb. Femalesi. Unequal cytokinesis during meiosis I and II1. One egg and 3 polar bodies produced from each cellii. Only one egg producediii. About 1 million produced before birth of woman VI. The Cardiovascular Systema. Functionsi. Transport gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormonesii. Defense against pathogens and bleedingiii. Regulation of body temperature, water volume, pHb. Important structuresi. Blood = circulating fluidii. Blood vessels = transport pipesiii. Heart = pump to move the fluid VII. Blooda. Composed of former elements and plasmai. Formed elements (45% of blood volume)1. Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)a. Transport o2 and CO22. White blood cells (leukocytes)a. Immune system functions3. Platelets (thrombocytes) a. Cell fragments involved in clottingii. Plasma (55% of volume)1. H2o (90% of plasma)2. Proteins3. Salts and ions 4. Gases5. Nutrients6. Wastes7. Hormones VIII. Red Blood Cellsa. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin that carries oxygen, binding of o2 depends on pHi. Hemoglobin picks up o2 in lungs, holds on to o2 well in the blood, appears bright red colorii. Hemoglobin releases o2 b. Mature RBCs lose their nucleus to make room for more hemoglobin, so they die after 120 days i. Destroyed by macrophages in the liver and spleen 1. Hemoglobin is released, and parts are reused or recycled2. Breakdown of iron containing hemoglobin by liver contributes to color of fecesii. Two million RBCs are destroyed per secondIX. White Blood Cellsa. Fight infection and regulate inflammatory reaction i. Found in blood, tissue fluid, and lymph; able to squeeze through capillaries into tissuesii. Include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, B and T lymphocytes, and monocytesb. Neutrophils surround and engulf foreign