BIOL 1140 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last LectureI. Mitosis vs. MeiosisII. Meiosis – What Is?III. Meiosis IIV. Meiosis IIV. Sex Differences in Meiosis VI. The Cardiovascular SystemVII. BloodVIII. Red Blood CellsIX. White Blood CellsOutline of Current Lecture I. Blood DisordersII. Blood VesselsIII. ArteriesIV. CapillariesV. VeinsVI. Blood Flow Through Blood VesselsVII. Tissue Capillary ExchangeVIII. Lymphatic CapillariesIX. The HeartCurrent LectureI. Blood disordersa. Anemia is any condition where there is an insufficient number of BRCs or hemoglobinb. Sometimes due to diet: deficiency of iron, folic acid, or vitamin b12c. Iron deficiency anemiai. Hemoglobin can’t be synthesized, decreases ability to transport o2d. Pernicious anemiai. Lack of vitamin b12 absorption e. Hemorrhagic anemiai. Due to blood lossf. Hemolytic anemiaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Due to hemolysis (rupture of blood cells)g. Sickle Cell Anemiai. Genetic disordersh. Hemolytic disease of newbornsi. Rh- mother makes antibodies that attack RBCs of ph+ babyi. Carbon Monoxide Poisoningi. CO combines with Hb more readily than o2, blocking ability of Hb to transport o2j. Leukemiai. Cancer causes an abnormally large number of immature WBCs in bone marrow, preventing RBCs from developing and causing anemia k. Hemophiliai. Deficiency in a clotting factor causes excess bleeding into joints (cartilage degeneration), tissues (nerve damage and muscular atrophy) and brain (neurological damage)II. Blood Vesselsa. Three types of blood vesselsi. Arteries1) Carry blood away from heartii. Capillaries1) Connect arteries and veins2) Exchange between blood and body cellsiii. Veins1) Carry blood towards the heart III. Arteriesa. Carry blood away from hearti. Thick elastic walls contain smooth muscle that contracts to control blood flow and pressure ii. Blood pressure is high here1) Heart muscle contractions force blood out into arteries iii. Arteries empty into arterioles (smaller arteries) that branch into capillariesIV. Capillariesa. Permit exchange of material with tissues b. Thin, small diameter vessels one cell layer thickc. Arterioles branch into capillaries which eventually empty blood into veinules (small veins)d. Capillary beds are near almost all cells into the bodyi. Exchange of nutrientsV. Veinsa. Return blood from the capillaries to the heartb. Thinner walls and larger diameter than arteriesi. Venules are small veins that drain blood from the capillaries and then join to form a vein c. Veins often have valves to prevent backward blood flow d. Blood flow through veins depends on contraction of skeletal musclesVI. Blood Flow through Blood Vesselsa. Blood flow is under the highest pressure in the arteries; walls are thick and muscular, and heart forces blood into the arteriesb. Blood velocity is slower in the capillaries, which is important to allow time for exchange between cellsc. Blood pressure is low in the veins and venules, but blood velocity increasesVII. Tissue Capillary Exchangea. Capillariesi. Walls are very thin and porousii. Near almost every cell of the bodyiii. Blood velocity is slow1) Greater combined area than arteries or veinsiv. Blood pressure higher near arteries than veins b. Processes at work during capillary exchangei. Diffusion and facilitated diffusion1) Molecules move from region of high concentration to lowii. Osmotic pressure1) Movement of h2o across a membrane toward where solute concentration is highera) Blood has higher solute concentrations compared to interstitial fluidsiii. Blood pressure1) Force of blood outward against walls of blood vessels generatedby heart contractionsc. Arterial blood coming from the heart contains a high concentration of oxygen and nutrients d. Since tissue cells constantly use up oxygen and nutrients, there is a low concentration of o2 and nutrients theree. Tissue cells produce CO2 and wastes, so they have higher concentration of CO2 and wastesf. Arterial blood contains a low concentration of CO2 and wastestissue Capillary ExchangeAt the arterial end of the capillary:O2 and nutrient level is higher in concentration in capillaries than tissuesO2 and nutrients exit capillary due to diffusionBlood pressure is higher than osmotic pressureWater exits capillary*Tissue Capillary ExchangeAt the venous end of the capillary:Blood pressure is reducedFurther from heartGreater combined cross-section areaOsmotic pressure stays the same, and is now greater than blood pressureH2O enters capillariesCO2 and wastes higher in concentration in tissues than in capillariesCO2 and wastes enter due to diffusionVIII. Lymphatic Capillaries a. Only 85% of h2o lost from blood capillaries is reabsorbed back into blood capillariesi. What happens to excess water?b. Lymphatic vessels are a one way system that carries lymph fluidi. Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess fluid that leaked out at blood capillaries1) Returned to blood near the heartii. Also pick up substances like bacteria IX. The Heart a. Major portion of the heart, myocardium, consists largely of cardiac muscle b. Humans have four chambered hearti. Two atria and two ventricles1) Septum separates heart into