BIOL 1140 1st Edition Lecture 19Outline of Last LectureI. The Endocrine SystemII. The Endocrine vs. the Nervous SystemIII. Hormone ReceptorsIV. Steroid vs. Non-steroid HormonesV. Steroid HormonesVI. Non-steroid HormonesVII. Negative Feedback LoopsVIII. Regulation of Blood GlucoseIX. The PancreasX. InsulinXI. GlucagonXII. Disorders of Glucose RegulationXIII. The Type 2 Diabetes EpidemicOutline of Current LectureI. The Hypothalamus and Pituitary GlandII. The HypothalamusIII. The Posterior Pituitary GlandIV. The Anterior Pituitary Gland V. Temperature RegulationVI. Disorders of the Pituitary GlandCurrent LectureI. The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Glanda. In the pathway to regulate blood glucose, the pancreas worked as both the sensor ofblood glucose levels and the control center to release hormonesb. Many other glands in the endocrine system cannot directly sense changes in the environment or the variable regulated in the bodyi. These glands only release their hormones after receiving a signal from the brainii. The tiny pituitary gland of the brain regulates many of these other glandsc. Sometimes called the 'master gland'...without gland, i. Growth stopsii. Can't maintain normal temperatureiii. Shrinkage of genitals, thyroid gland, and adrenal cortex occursThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. The pituitary gland is found attached to the hypothalamus e. The anterior pituitary gland releases hormones to stimulate multiple glands in the bodyi. These hormones are called stimulating hormones (SH) or tropic hormones (TH)f. There are 6 anterior pituitary hormonesi. TSH = thyroid stimulating hormoneii. ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormoneiii. FSH = follicle stimulating hormoneiv. LH = luteinizing hormonev. GH = growth hormonevi. Prolactin = stimulated milk production in mammary glandsg. There are 2 posterior pituitary hormonesi. ADH - antidiuretic hormone (acts on kidney to regulate water in blood)ii. Oxytocin - controls ejection of milk and contraction of uterus during childbirthII. The Hypothalamusa. Essential for biological survivalb. Acts as the sensor in several homeostatic mechanisms i. Produces appropriate behavioral responseii. Secretes appropriate hormoneIII. The Posterior Pituitary Glanda. Does not have any hormone-producing endocrine cellsb. Neuroendocrine cells (nerve cells that also produce hormones) in the hypothalamus extend into the posterior pituitary IV. The Anterior Pituitary Glanda. To stimulate the anterior pituitary, neuroendocrine cells of the hypothalamus make releasing hormones (RH) and inhibiting hormonesi. RH travel through the pituitary portal blood system directly to anterior pituitaryii. Stimulate release of a hormone from the anterior pituitary V. Temperature Regulationa. The thyroid gland is part of the body's thermoregulation mechanismi. Produces thyroxine (requires iodine for production_1. Increases metabolic rate by causing body cells to make ATP from glucoseii. Regulated by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland hormonesVI. Disorders of the Thyroid Glanda. Goiteri. Why does iodine deficiency cause this condition?ii. Iodine is required to make thyroxine in the thyroidiii. Negative feedback inhibition of TRH from hypothalamus and TSH from anterior pituitary is affected1. Continuous stimulation of thyroid gland b. Hypothyroidismi. Possible causes:1. Insufficient secretion of thyroxine2. Insufficient secretion of TSH3. Insufficient secretion of TRH4. Iodine deficiency ii. How could this condition be treated?1. Hormone supplements to replace the missing hormone2. Get more iodine in the diet (iodized salt)iii. Possible causes:1. Tumor in gland causing overproduction of hormonea. Thyroid, pituitary, or hypothalamusiv. Possible treatments1. Drug that inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine by inhibiting iodine uptake bythyroid gland2. Drug that blocks the receptors for
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