BIOL 1140 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last LectureI. Basic Cell TypesII. Cell structure and functionIII. Plasma MembraneIV. Membrane TransportV. Passive TransportVI. Active TransportVII. Endocytosis and Exocytosis VIII. Cell OrganellesIX. Cellular RespirationOutline of Current Lecture I. Cellular RespirationII. Where it OccursIII. About Cellular RespirationIV. GlycolysisV. Precatory Step for the Citric Acid CycleVI. Citric Acid CycleVII. Electron Transport ChainVIII. Summary of RespirationCurrent LectureI. Cellular respirationa. Requires 3 main stepsi. Glycolysis1. Preparatory step following glycolysis and before citric acid cycleii. Citric Acid cycle (aka Krebs cycle)iii. Electron transport Chain (ETC)b. Altogether, the breakdown of one glucose molecule results in 36 ATP moleculesII. Where it occursa. Glycolysis - in cytoplasmThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Citric acid cycle - space inside mitochondriac. ETC - on inner membrane of mitochondria III. Things to know…a. The molecule NAD+ is an electron carrier- it can accept electrons from other moleculesi. NAD+ + 2 electrons + H = NAD:Hb. FAD2+ is also an electron carrier:i. FAD2+ + 4 electrons + 2H = FAD::H2c. Each time 2 electron are transferred, one H moves tooIV. Glycolysisa. Glucose (6-carbon sugar) is broken down into 2 molecules of Pyruvate (2 3-carbon sugars) in a series of 1- chemical reactionsb. 2 molecules of ATP are producei. 4 molecules of ATP are produced, but 2 of them are used to initially energize glucose to be broken downV. Preparatory step for citric acid cyclea. Pyruvate enters a mitochondrionb. A C is removed (leaving a 2-carbon molecule) and the C leaves in the form of CO2c. The 2-carbon molecule is converted into a molecule called Acetyl Co-AVI. Citric Acid Cyclea. Pyruvate (acetyl CoA) is further broken down to extract more electronsb. During the breakdown, some C atoms are removed and leave the cycle in the form of CO2c. Also during one turn of cyclei. 1 ATP is madeii. 2 NAD+ receives electron = NAD:Diii. 1 fad2+ receives electron = FAD::H2VII. Electron transport chaina. NAD:H and FAD::H2 molecules made in glycolysis and citric acid cycle enter hereb. NAD:H and FAD::H2 give up their electrons to molecules in inner mitochondria membrane, remaking NAD+ and FAD2+c. The molecules pass the electrons along an electron transport chain - like a relay racer passing the batond. The final acceptor of electrons is O2e. Each time the electrons are handed off, H+ are left over and some energy is releasedf. The 'released' energy is used to pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membraneg. H+ flow down their concentration gradient through a special protein channel called ATP synthase, which synthesizes ATPi. ADP+P = ATPii. 32 ATP are made in ETC for each 1 glucose that started respiration VIII. Summary of respirationa. Glucose is used up in glycolysisb. Oxygen is used up in ETCi. Oxygen during ETC is the final acceptor of electronsc. ADP is used up when making ATP d. Citric acid produces the carbon dioxidee. ETC Produces waterf. All steps Produces ATP, most is produced by