BIOL 1140 1st EditionLecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. Hydrogen BondsII. Water and LifeIII. CarbonIV. 4 Classifications of Organic MoleculesV. MacromoleculesVI. LipidsVII. TriglyceridesVIII. PhospholipidsOutline of Current Lecture I. LipidsII. ProteinsIII. Nucleic AcidsIV. ATPCurrent LectureI. Lipidsa. Phospholipidsi. One end, 'head' is water soluble (hydrophilic)ii. Other end 'tail' is hydrophobiciii. Function - primary component of cell membranes b. Steroidsi. Composed of four joined carbon rings These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Examples: cholesterol, hormones (estrogen/testosterone) II. Proteinsa. Macromolecules made of long chains of subunits called Amino Acidsi. 20 different types of Amino acidsii. Each amino acid has an amino end, carboxyl end, and a variable groupiii. Joined by peptide bonds (type of covalent bond)1. Produced by dehydration synthesis reactions2. Simple chain of amino acids is called polypeptideb. Protein function depends on structurei. Primary structure1. Basic amino acid sequence, strain chain2. Stabilized by peptide bondsii. Secondary structure1. Alpha helix, beta pleated sheet or random coil2. Stabilized by hydrogen bonds iii. Tertiary Structure1. Three-dimensional shape2. Stabilized by disulfide and hydrogen bonds3. Creates polar and nonpolar areas in molecule iv. Quaternary structure1. Two or more polypeptide chains are associated v. Denaturation1. Permanent disruption of protein structure a. Can be damaged by temperature or changes in pHb. Boiling temp will cause protein structure to unfold (example) 2. Leads to loss of biological function vi. Thousands of types of proteins in your cells, thousands of different functions 1. Enzymesa. Biological catalystsb. Speed up chemical reactionsc. Not altered or consumed by the reaction d. Without enzymes, many biochemical reactions would not proceed quickly enough to sustain life 2. Hormonesa. Some hormones (ADH) are also proteinsb. Polar, unlike nonpolar steroid hormones III. Nucleic Acidsa. Long chains containingsubunits called Nucleotidesb. Two typesi. DNA - stores genetic infoii. RNA - provides info used in making proteinsc. Each subunit contains…i. 5 carbon sugar1. DNA nucleotides = deoxyribose2. RNA nucleotides = riboseii. Nitrogenous base (A,T,C,G)iii. Phosphate groupd. Structure of DNAi. Double helix 1. Two chains held together in the middle by hydrogen bond twisted in helixshape ii. Specific base paringiii. Adenine-Thymine (AT)iv. Guanine-Cytosine (GC)e. Structure of RNAi. Single stranded chain of nucleotidesf. Nucleic acid functioni. DNA- instructions for making RNAii. RNA- instructions for making proteinsiii. Proteins-direct most of life's processesiv. DNA -> RNA -> Proteins IV. ATPa. Adenosine Triphosphateb. Made of an adenosine (adenine base + ribose sugar) with 3 phosphate groups attachedc. Function of ATPi. Cellular energy sourceii. Bonds between phosphate groups contain potential energy iii. Breaking the bonds releases energyiv. ATP -> ADP + P +
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