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UI BIOL 1140 - The Cardiovascular System
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BIOL 1140 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last LectureI. I. Blood DisordersII. Blood VesselsIII. ArteriesIV. CapillariesV. VeinsVI. Blood Flow Through Blood VesselsVII. Tissue Capillary ExchangeVIII. Lymphatic CapillariesIX. The HeartOutline of Current Lecture I. The HeartII. Cardiovascular PathwaysIII. The HeartbeatIV. Measuring the HeartbeatV. Measuring Blood flowVI. Cardiovascular disordersCurrent LectureI. The Hearta. The right side of the heart umps 02-poor blood to the lungs, and the left side pumps 02-rich blood to the tissuesi. O2-poor blood never mixes with 02-rich blood1. Blood goes through lungs to pass from right side to left side of the heartII. Cardiovascular Pathwaysa. Cardiovascular system includes two circuitsi. Pulmonary Circuit1. Circulated blood through the lungs2. Pulmonary arteries take 02-poor blood to the lungs, and pulmonary veins return02-rich blood to the heartii. Systemic circuitThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Delivers blood from left ventricle to the tissues, and then returns to the right atrium2. Aorta and vena cava are major artery and veiniii. Pulmonary circuit1. 02-poor blood from body enters RA through vena cava2. RA pumps blood into RV3. RV pumps blood to lungs through pulmonary arteries4. Capillary exchange occurs (CO2 dropped off, o2 picked up) in lungs5. Pulmonary veins empty 02-rich blood into LAiv. Systemic circuit1. O2-rich blood in LA is pumped into LV2. LV pumps o2-rich blood through the aorta3. Aorta branches into arteries that serve specific body organs or limbs4. Capillary exchange occurs (o2 dropped off, co2 picked up) in tissues5. O2-poor blood flows back to heart via veins6. Veins connect to vena cavaa. Superior vena cava = from head and armsb. Inferior vena cava = from lower body7. Vena cava empties into RAIII. The Heartbeata. Each heartbeat is referred to as a cardiac cyclei. Systole - contraction of heart muscleii. Diastole - relaxation of heart muscleb. Contraction of atria and ventricles is NOT simultaneous; atria contract first, then ventriclesc. Atrioventricular (AV) and semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood d. Internal control of heartbeat is maintained by nodal tissue that is both muscle-like and nerve-likei. Sinoatrial (SA) node1. 'pacemaker' cells send electrical signals to initiate heartbeat2. Causes atria to contract togetherii. Atrioventricular (AV) node1. After a delay, receives SA node signal2. Causes ventricle s to contract together3. Purkinje fivers help transmit signal e. External control of heartbeat comes from the brain and hormonesi. Baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries monitor blood pressureii. Cardiac control center in the medulla oblongata of brain can alter the heartbeatiii. Hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine are released by the adrenal medulla and stimulate the heartIV. Measuring the Heartbeata. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardiumduring a cardiac cycleV. Measuring Blood Flowa. Rhythmic expansion and recoil of an arterial wall can be felt as a pulse in an artery close to the surfaceb. Blood pressure is the pressure of blood against the wall of a blood vesseli. Highest pressure, systolic pressure, is reached when ventricles contract to pump bloodfrom the heartii. Lowest pressure, diastolic pressure, occurs when the ventricles are relaxingVI. Cardiovascular Disordersa. Atherosclerosisi. Accumulation of plaque in atrial linings that block blood flowb. Embolismi. Blockage of blood vessel by material floating in blood streamc. Aneurysmi. Weakening and ballooning of a blood vesseld. Hypertensioni. High blood pressure (>140/90)ii. May be due to atherosclerosis or over activity of angiotensinogene. Angina Pectorisi. Narrowed coronary arteries impair blood flow, cause chest pain1. Can be viewed with an angiogram, and sometimes corrected by angioplasty or coronary artery bypassf. Heart Attack/Myocardial Infarctioni. Portion of heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygeng. Strokei. Portion of brain dies due to lack of oxygenh. Arrhythmiai. Unusual heart rhythmi. Ventricular fibrillationi. Uncoordinated contraction of ventriclesj. Congestive Heart Failurei. Heart muscle too weak to efficiently pump bloodk. Varicose veinsi. Valves in veins become too weak to prevent backflow of blood, causing abnormal dilation of leg


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UI BIOL 1140 - The Cardiovascular System

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