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UI BIOL 1140 - DNA
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BIOL 1140 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last LectureI. Cellular RespirationII. Where it OccursIII. About Cellular RespirationIV. GlycolysisV. Precatory Step for the Citric Acid CycleVI. Citric Acid CycleVII. Electron Transport ChainVIII. Summary of RespirationOutline of Current Lecture I. Discovering the Structure of DNAII. Watson and Crick: The Double HelixIII. Structure of DNAIV. Transcription and Translation OverviewV. RNA StructureVI. 3 Types of RNAVII. Transcription ContinuedVIII. Editing of mRNAIX. Genetic CodeCurrent LectureI. Discovering the Structure of DNAa. Chromosomes contain both DNA and proteinb. 1940s determined that DNA was the genetic materiali. Determining DNA structure was critically important...understand how genetics/inheritance works c. DNA consists of 2 intertwined chains of subunits called nucleotidesi. DNA double helixii. Each nucleotide consists ofThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Sugar deoxyribose2. A phosphate group3. A nitrogen-containing basea. A,T,C, or Gi. A and G = purinesii. C and T = pyrimidinesd. DNA was too small to see through the most powerful microscopes at the time e. DNAs shape could be inferred though a technique called X Ray diffractioni. Purified DNA was bombarded with x raysii. Rosiland Franklin was X ray expert 1. Worked with Maurine Wilkins2. Rasiland's pictures showed DNA was uniform width and helical f. Uniform width of helix could be explained by double-ring purine always pairing with a single-ring pyrimidineg. A chemist named Chargaff studied chemical composition of DNA and determine the amount of each basei. %A = %Tii. %G = %CII. Watson and Crick: the double helixa. 1953, James Watson, Francis Crick presented the 3D structure of DNA to the worldb. Watson, crick, and Wilkins were awarded 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine or PhysiologyIII. Structure of DNA a. Double helix looks like spiral staircasei. 'handrails' consist of long chains of alternating sugar and phosphate groups1. Connected by strong covalent bondsii. 'steps' lying between handrails consist of paired DNA basesiii. A always with Tiv. C always with Gb. Human DNA is organized into 46 separate chromosomes (or 23 pairs)i. DNA wrapped around proteins, then coiled up ii. In between cell divisions, DNA is in a form called chromatin, which is loosely coiled andnot visibleiii. During cell divisions, DNA coils very tightly and becomes visiblec. Chromosomes contain genesi. Short segment of DNA that contains the code for a proteinIV. Transcription and Translation Overviewa. Transcriptioni. Process of copying DNA of a gene into mRNA (messenger RNA)ii. Occurs within the cell nucleus b. Translationi. Process of converting the mRNA template into a proteinii. Occurs in cytoplasm at ribosomesV. RNA Structurea. DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids made of nucleotides, but have different structuresi. DNA1. Double stranded 2. Sugar used is deoxyribose3. Bases ATCG4. Only found in nucleus ii. RNA1. Single stranded2. Sugar used is ribose3. Bases GACU4. U can pair with A5. Can move from nucleus to cytoplasmVI. 3 types of RNAa. mRNAi. Copy of genetic info from DNA carried from nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasmwhere protein synthesis occursb. rRNAi. Joins with proteins made in the cytoplasm to form the subunits of ribosomesc. tRNAi. Transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where amino acids are joined to make polypeptides VII. Transcriptiona. A genes two strands of DNA separate b. One DNA strand is copied to form an RNA molecule using complementary base pairingc. DNA - mRNAVIII. Editing of mRNA a. Most human genes are made of sections called exons and intronsi. Exons code from proteinii. Introns interrupt the coding portions of the gene 1. During processing, introns are removed, exons are joined to form an edited mRNA molecule2. Edited mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm IX. Genetic Code a. The genetic code is a triplet codeb. Codoni. Sequence of three mRNA basesii. Codes for one amino acidc. Genetic code is redundanti. 64 different codons, 20 different amino acidsii. Several different codons encode most amino acids, however each codon only codes forone amino acidd. Few codons have special meaningi. Start codon1. AUG- begins all genes2. Codes for both start signal and an amino acidii. Stop codon1. UAA, UAG, UGA - one ends each


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UI BIOL 1140 - DNA

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