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UI BIOL 1140 - Exam 3 Study Guide
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BIOL:1140 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 16 -23Chapter 11/12 – Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System (CNS) – brain and spinal cord. Receives, processes, and transfers infoPeripheral nervous system (PNS) - Sensory division carries info towards the CNS. Motor division Carries info away from CNSNeurons Make Action PotentialsNA+/K+ pump- Maintains cell volume, resting potential Resting potential: Measurable difference in voltage across the cell membrane in a resting cellGraded potential: Transient local changes in the resting potentialDepolarization: Voltage-sensitive Na+ channels open, Na+ moves into the axon Repolarization: Na+ channels close, K+ channels open, K+ moves out of the axon*Action Potentials are All-or-None*Once triggered, an action potential is always the same in speed and voltageContinues to propagate itself in the next region of the axonThe number of the action potentials/unit time encodes the strength of stimulusNeurotransmitters Exert Excitatory or Inhibitory EffectsPostsynaptic Neurons Integrate and Process InformationCranial nerves- 12 pairs, Connect directly to brainSpinal nerves- 31 pairs, Connect to spinal cordVoluntary - Conscious control of skeletal musclesInvoluntary- Spinal reflexes: involuntary responses mediated primarily by spinal cord and spinal nerves, with little brain involvementMultiple sclerosis (MS) - Progressive damage to myelin sheaths in brain and spinal cord, Weakness, visualimpairment, incontinenceAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - Progressive damage to myelin sheaths in motor area of spinal cord, Progressive weakening and wasting of skeletal muscleChapter 13 – Endocrine SystemThe pituitary gland is found attached to the hypothalamus The anterior pituitary gland releases hormones to stimulate multiple glands in the bodyTSH = thyroid stimulating hormoneACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormoneFSH = follicle stimulating hormoneLH = luteinizing hormoneGH = growth hormoneProlactin = stimulated milk production in mammary glandsThere are 2 posterior pituitary hormones:ADH - antidiuretic hormone (acts on kidney to regulate water in blood)Oxytocin - controls ejection of milk and contraction of uterus during childbirthThe Hypothalamus- Essential for biological survivalTo stimulate the anterior pituitary, neuroendocrine cells of the hypothalamus make releasing hormones (RH) and inhibiting hormonesThe thyroid gland is part of the body's thermoregulation mechanismGoiter- Negative feedback inhibition of TRH from hypothalamus and TSH from anterior pituitary is affectedEndocrine glands- Ductless organs that secrete hormones into the bloodEndocrine system has important role in 2 basic human functions: development and homeostasisEndocrine system-Chemical signal = hormoneNervous system- Chemical signal = neurotransmitterSteroid hormones- Steroids are a type of lipid, Therefore lipid soluble (nonpolar) and able to cross cell membranesNon-steroid hormones- Structurally related to proteins, Lipid insoluble and not able to cross cell membranesSteroid Hormones - Because they’re lipid soluble, can cross cell membrane to enter target cellSensor- Gland or part of nervous system that sense changes in the variableControl center- An endocrine gland, such as the pancreas or pituitary gland, Hormones allow signaling between control center and effectorEffectors- Target tissues or organs that respond Blood glucose levels in the blood must be kept at optimum level of 90mg/100 mlThe pancreas- Both an endocrine gland and an exocrine glandInsulin - Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreasGlucagon- A peptide hormone secreted by alpha cells of the pancreasType I diabetes- Early onset or juvenile diabetes, Hypo secretion of insulin, Low levels of insulin In spite of high levels of glucose, Caused by either mutation in insulin gene or auto-immune attack on beta cells of pancreas Type 2 - responsiveness to insulin, Caused primarily by lifestyle choicesChapter 21 – Development & AgingMeiosis:Males: Four sperms, all viable and functionalFemale: Unequal cytokinesis during meiosis I and II, One egg and three polar bodies, only the egg is viable, polar bodies die Sperm and egg unite 6-24 hours after intercourseAcrosome - in head of spermFertilization occurs when sperm nucleus fuses with ovum nucleus, forming diploid zygoteCleavage- Series of cell divisions without cell growthMorphogenesis - Changes in shape and formDifferentiation- Individual cell take on specialized forms and functionsGrowth-Begins significantly at implantationPre-embryonic Development: The First Two WeeksEmbryonic Development: Tissues and Organs Derive from three germ layersEctoderm: outermost layer - Becomes epidermis, nervous system, hair, nails, tooth enamel, partsof eyeMesoderm: middle layer- Becomes muscle, connective tissue, bone, kidneys, ureters, testes, ovariesEndoderm: innermost layer- Becomes liver, pancreas, alveoli, bladder lining, lining of urethra, vaginaExtra-embryonic Membranes- Develop early in embryonic developmentAllantois- Temporary helps form blood vessels of umbilical cordYolk sac- Source of assorted cells for umbilical cord developmentChorion- Makes human chorionic gonadotropin, which supports pregnancy for the first three months, Forms structures that will become part of placentaPlacenta Functions- Filters nutrients, waste, and antibodies for the fetus without mixing mother and fetalcirculationsEndocrine- Produces estrogen and progesteroneGender Development Begins at six weeks: Y chromosome gene for sex-determining region Y activated, Testes secrete testosterone, and Testosterone stimulates development of male genitaliaNine weeks to birth: Eight weeks: marks the transition from embryonic to fetal developmentMonths three and four: Organ development, Beginnings of organ function, cartilaginous skeleton replaced with bone, Bone marrow begins producing red blood cells, Face develops, Rapid growth Months five and six: Fetal movement begins, heartbeat can be heard with stethoscope, and responds to external sounds, Lungs produce surfactant, Survival possible outside motherMonths seven through nine: Rapid growth and maturation, fetal activity increases, prepares for life "on the outside", Lungs and digestive tract ready to functionLabor initiated by hormones secreted by maturing fetus' pituitary glandUterus begins to contract and contractions strengthen with continuous positive feedbackStages of labor:Stage 1: dilation of cervixStage 2: expulsion of


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UI BIOL 1140 - Exam 3 Study Guide

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