BIOL 1140 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last LectureI. The HeartII. Cardiovascular PathwaysIII. The HeartbeatIV. Measuring the HeartbeatV. Measuring Blood flowVI. Cardiovascular disordersOutline of Current Lecture I. Genetics TerminologyII. Genotype is the genetic basis of phenotypeIII. Dominant Alleles and recessive allelesIV. Patterns of genetic inheritanceV. Rules of inheritanceVI. Two-trait crossesVII. Incomplete dominanceVIII. Codominance IX. Biochemistry of ABOCurrent LectureI. Genetics Terminologya. Genes: DNA sequences that code for proteinsb. Chromosomes: structures within the nucleus, composed of DNA and proteini. Humans: 23 pairs of chromosomes1. 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes (autosomes)2. 1 pair of sex chromosomesc. Homologous chromosomesi. One member of the pair from each parentii. Look alike (size, shape, banding pattern)iii. Not identical, are allelesd. Alleles: alternative forms of a genei. Alleles arise by mutationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.e. Homozygousi. Two identical alleles at a particular locusf. Heterozygousi. Two different alleles at a particular locusII. Genotype is the genetic basis of phenotypea. Genotypei. An individual’s complete set of genes (alleles)b. Phenotypei. Observable physical and functional traits (ex. Hair color, eye color)ii. Determined by inherited alleles AND environmental factorsIII. Dominant Alleles and recessive allelesa. Dominant allelei. Masks the complementary alleleii. Defines the heterozygous phenotypeb. Recessive allelei. Will not influence the phenotype if paired with a dominant allele (heterozygous)ii. Will define the phenotype if individual is homozygous for the recessive allelec. Dominant alleles may or may not occur as often as recessive allelesIV. Patterns of genetic inheritancea. Punnett square analysisi. Predicts patterns of inheritanceii. Dominant genes are indicated by CAP letteriii. Recessive genes are lowercaseV. Rules of Inheritancea. Law of segregationi. Gametes carry only one of the two alleles per gene inherited from parentsb. Law of independent assortmenti. Genes for different traits are separated from each other independently during meiosis1. Applies to most cases, except when genes are close by on the same chromosomeVI. Two-trait crosses: independent assortmenta. Outcome of two-trait crosses can be predicted by Punnett square analysisb. Law of independent assortmenti. The alleles of different genes are distributed to gametes independently during meiosisii. This law applies only if the two genes in question are on different chromosomesVII. Incomplete Dominancea. Heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between that either homozygoteVIII. Codominancea. Products of both alleles are expressedb. Example: genes for ABO blood typesIX. Biochemistry of ABOa. Red blood cells are covered with surface markers (antigens that happen to be sugars). The sugars). The sugars are added sequentially to the cells by the enzymes. b. Very important to know before doing a blood transfusion because of antibody
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