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UI BIOL 1140 - Evolution
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BIOL 1140 1st Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last LectureI. DevelopmentII. Sex Differences in MeiosisIII. FertilizationIV. One Sperm fertilizes the eggV. TwinsVI. Development of the embryo: four stagesVII. Pre-embryonic Development: The First Two WeeksVIII. Pre-embryonic DevelopmentIX. Embryonic Development: Weeks three to eightX. Embryonic Development: Tissues and Organs Derive from three germ layersXI. Extra-embryonic MembranesXII. Placenta and Umbilical CordXIII. Gender Development Begins at six weeksXIV. Fetal Development: Nine weeks to birthXV. BirthXVI. Transition from fetus to newborn XVII. Birth to adulthood XVIII. Aging: Change over TimeXIX. Body systems age at different RatesXX. Death: final transitionOutline of Current LectureI. Three Key Concepts of evolutionII. Evolution involves descent over time III. Evidence for EvolutionIV. Fossil RecordV. BiogeographyVI. Comparative AnatomyVII. Comparative BiochemistryVIII. Comparative GeneticsIX. Mutation and Natural Selection Drives EvolutionX. Genetic Drift and Gene FlowXI. Mass Extinctions XII. Young Earth: too hot for lifeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XIII. Photosynthesis Revolutionized EvolutionXIV. Humans are PrimatesXV. Differences within the human speciesCurrent LectureI. Three Key Concepts of evolutiona. Evolution involves genetic modificationi. Changes in the DNA (mutation)ii. About 80 changes between generationsII. Evolution involves descent over timea. Populations undergo slow changes in DNA over generationsb. Evolution is random mutation combined with selection to adjust to changing needs III. Evidence for Evolutiona. The fossil recordb. The biogeographical evidencec. The anatomical evidence d. The development evidence e. The biochemical evidencef. The genetic evidence i. Great apes and humans have similar chromosomes ii. Sequence similarities is over 98%iii. The theory of evolution is the most parsimonious explanation for all the knownfactsIV. Fossil Recorda. Incomplete but valuableb. Preserves only hard tissuesc. Determining the age of fossilsi. Stratification of sedimentary rocks in which fossils are located can help determine age of fossilsii. Radiometric dating allows defining the time a fossil was put to restV. Biogeographya. Study of the distribution of different plants and animals worldwideb. Impact of geographic barriers such as mountains, deserts, large bodies of waterc. Continental driftVI. Comparative Anatomya. Homologous structures: body structures that share a common originb. Analogous structures: body structures that share a similar function but very differentoriginsc. Vestigial structures: body structures that no longer have a function but are homologous to structures in other organismsVII. Comparative Biochemistrya. Examines similarities between molecules b. Estimates divergence of species from a common ancestorc. Similarities in RNA, DNA, proteins, ribosomes, etc.d. Similarities in genetic codeVIII. Comparative Geneticsa. Genes are conserved across dissimilar organisms and apparently dissimilar organsb. Morphologically more similar organism s share more genesc. Apparently dissimilar organs can share the same developmental genes, indicating a deep homologyIX. Mutation and Natural Selection Drives Evolutiona. Random mutationsi. Drive evolutionii. Introduce allelic variationsiii. Children have about 80 new mutationsb. Natural selectioni. Encourages survival of the fittestii. Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive, reproduce, ,and pass the genes that encode those traits to their offspringiii. Over time these trains define the populationX. Genetic Drift and Gene Flowa. Genetic drift: random changes in allele frequency due to chance eventsi. Bottleneck effect: occurs when a major catastrophe nearly wipes out a population without regard to fitnessii. Founder effect: occurs when a few individuals leave the group and establish a new population on an islandb. Gene flow: redistribution of alleles due to migrations into and out of a populationi. Tends to mix pools of genes that might not otherwise mixXI. Mass Extinctions a. A life-form dies out completelyi. 5 mass extinctions in the last 530 million yearsii. Thee have eliminated 50% or more of speciesiii. Largest: the Triassic periodiv. Most recent: during the cretaceous period - end of dinosaursv. We may be entering the 6th mass extinction now partly due to humansXII. Young Earth: too hot for lifea. Earth originated 4.6 billion years agob. Inhospitable to lifei. Hot and steamyc. Early atmospherei. Consisted of carbon dioxide, water vapor, hydrogen, nitrogen, methane, and ammoniaii. Little liquid water, oxygen, or ozoneiii. Bombarded with UV radiationXIII. Photosynthesis Revolutionized Evolutiona. Caused an increase in atmospheric oxygenb. Oxygen produced by photosynthesisc. Evolution of aerobic organismsi. Oxygen toxic to anaerobic organismsii. Survivors had to possess chemical pathways to make needed organic compoundsiii. Aerobic metabolism evolved with pathways that could harness the reactive power or oxygen XIV. Humans are Primatesa. Mammalsi. Vertebrates with hair and mammary glands that produce milkb. Primatesi. Hands with 5 digitsii. Fairly flat fingernails and toenailsiii. Forward-facing eyesiv. Lemurs, monkeys, apes, humansv. All share common ancestor about 60 million years ago c. Hominoid group diverged from other primates about 25 million years agod. Hominoidsi. Larger brainsii. No tailiii. More complex social behavioriv. Includes gibbons, orangutans, gorilla, chimpanzees, humansXV. Differences within the human speciesa. Geographical differences in phenotypes between subgroups of a speciesb. Differences helped populations adapt to environmentsi. Dark skin provides protection from UV damageii. Light skin provides radiation from UV to get vitamin Dc. Geographical differences are no more significant than individual


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UI BIOL 1140 - Evolution

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