BIOL:1140 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1 (January 22)Know what characteristics qualify something as livingOrganic Molecular structure (Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids)Take in/transform/use energyContain cellsMaintain homeostasisGrow/ReproducePopulations can evolveAn elements atomic number is the number of protons it has. The atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons. Lecture 2 (January 27) Isotope- Form of element with a different number of neutrons than it naturally hasRadioisotopes- Unstable isotopesIon- Form of element with different number of electronsElectrons are arranged in shells. From innermost out, the 1st shell holds up to 2 electrons. The 2nd shell holds up to 8, the 3rd holds up to 8. Electrons fill in these shells starting with the 1st and work their way out. Inert Atoms- Elements with their outermost shells filled, unreactiveChemical Bonds- Attractive forces holding atoms togetherCovalent Bonds- Two different elements that share an electron Electronegative- atoms that don’t share electrons well (examples: oxygen, nitrogen)Ionic Bond- Electrically charged atomLecture 3 (January 29)Hydrogen Bonds- form between polar moleculesPolar Molecules- contain bonds in which electrons are not shared equally (polar covalent bonds)Hydrophilic- polar bonds are attracted to waterHydrophobic- nonpolar/neutral molecules repel waterOrganic molecules have 4 classes: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. Macromolecules are subunits within the cell. Carbohydrates are monosaccharidemacromolecules. Lipids are broken up into the classifications of triglycerides, phospholipids, andsteroids. Dehydration Synthesis- builds macromolecules from smaller subunitsHydrolysis- breaks apart macromolecules into smaller subunitsLecture 4 (February 3)Phospholipids- Primary component of cell membranes, the head is water soluble and the tail is hydrophobicSteroids- joined carbon rings (example: cholesterol)Proteins- Macromolecules made of long chains of subunits called Amino Acids. These amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. Proteins function depends on its structure. Four structures of proteins: Primary (strain chain), secondary (alpha helix), tertiary (3D shape), and quaternary (multiple polypeptide chains). Denaturation- permanent destruction of protein structureEnzymes – biological catalysts Nucleic Acids- long chains containing subunits called nucleotides, two types (DNA and RNA)ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate, which is a cellular energy sourceATP = ADP + P + EnergyLecture 5 (February 5)There are 2 basic types of cells. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and prokaryotes do not. A cell’s job isto import nutrients and oxygen, export products made, and dispose of waste. Their structure reflects their function. Plasma Membrane – separates a cell from its environment, composed of a phospholipid bilayerTypes of membrane transport: passive (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis) and active (requires ATP or another energy source)Endocytosis- brings substance into the cell using a vesicle Exocytosis: expels substances from the cell when a vesicle fuses with the cell's membraneCellular Respiration is when a cell takes the food we eat and turn it into subunits, and send it through the bloodstream.Lecture 6 (February 10)Cellular Respiration is 3 stepsStep Where it occurs What happens1. Glycolysis In cytoplasm Glucose (6-carbon sugar) is broken down into 2 moleculesof Pyruvate (2 3-carbon sugars) in a series of 1- chemical reactions. 2 molecules of ATP are produced. 4 molecules of ATP are produced, but 2 of them are used to initially energize glucose to be broken down2. Citric Acid Cycle Space inside mitochondria Pyruvate (acetyl CoA) is further broken down to extract more electrons. During the breakdown, some C atoms are removed and leave the cycle in the form of CO2. Also during one turn of cycle. 1 ATP is made. 2 NAD+ receives electron = NAD:D. 1 FAD2+ receives electron = FAD::H23. Electron Transport ChainInner membrane of mitochondriaNAD:H and FAD::H2 moleculesmade in glycolysis and citric acid cycle enter here. NAD:H and FAD::H2 give up their electrons to molecules in inner mitochondria membrane, remaking NAD+ and FAD2+. The molecules pass the electrons along an electron transport chain. The final acceptor of electrons isO2Lecture 7 (January 12)Current LectureChromosomes contain both DNA and proteinDNA consists of 2 intertwined chains of subunits called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of1. Sugar deoxyribose2. A phosphate group3. A nitrogen-containing base (A & T, C & G)DNA was discovered with X Ray Diffusion by Rosiland Franklin. Showed that DNA’s shape was uniform, and helical. Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the 3D Shape of the world. Human DNA is organized into 46 separate chromosomes (or 23 pairs)DNA wrapped around proteins, then coiled up . In between cell divisions, DNA is in a form called chromatin, which is loosely coiled and not visible. During cell divisions, DNA coils very tightly and becomes visible.Transcription- Process of copying DNA of a gene into mRNA (messenger RNA)Translation- Process of converting the mRNA template into a proteinDNA1. Double stranded 2. Sugar used is deoxyribose3. Bases ATCG4. Only found in nucleus RNA1. Single stranded2. Sugar used is ribose3. Bases GACU4. U can pair with A5. Can move from nucleus to cytoplasm3 types of RNA - mRNA, rRNA, tRNAReproducing DNA- A genes two strands of DNA separate , one DNA strand is copied to form an RNA molecule using complementary base pairingGenetic Code -64 different codons, 20 different amino