PSYX 385 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study Guide: Chapters 1-4Chapter OneVocabulary and Key Concepts:1) Personality Psychology- the scientific study of the psychological forces that make each person unique2) Nomothetic- with the purpose of creating laws3) Idiographic- the study of individual cases4) Inductive Approaches- observations are collected with the purpose of generalizing the information to other cases (constantly changing)5) Deductive Approaches- conclusions about specific cases based off of generalized ideas or assumptions6) Barnum Effect- the tendency to blindly trust vague generalizations about one’s own personalityDiscussion:1) Describe deductive and Inductive approaches to theory development- Deductive approaches allow us to draw conclusions about specific cases based off of generalized ideas while inductive approaches collect observations in order to form generalized ideas that are constantly changing.2) Discuss the definitions of personality discussed in class-Personality can be defined as the qualities or characteristics that form each person’s distinct character (qualities can vary from person to person, social and biological forces can also factor in).3) What are the two aims of personality psychology?- Personality psychology’s two aims are to understand the whole person and to understand how people differ from one another. One factor that led many to be driven tostudy personality psychology was in order to understand the hold that fascism took on Germany during WWII.4) What does it mean to say personality psychology is empirically grounded?- Empirically grounded means that personality psychology stems from systematic observation. This played a large part in the development of personality psychology due to Sigmund Freud’s empirical approach to psychoanalysis.Chapter TwoVocabulary and Key Concepts:1) Testing- procedures lead to score; no question of clinical significance of any weight can be answered solely on the basis of test scores2) Assessment- involves interaction between trained examiner and examinee; tests and data are considered in context3) Personality Test- a standardized stimulus that is designed to evoke different responses in individuals in order to analyze those differences4) Objective (low inference) tests- a test that is not dependent on the person making the assessment5) Subjective (high inference) tests- a measurement that relies on the individual making the assessment to interpret the results6) (S) self data- one of Funder’s 4 clues to personality. The most commonly used clue (self-report questionnaires, interviews) can be narrow (BDI-2) or broadband (MMPI-2)7) (I) informant data- one of Funder’s 4 clues to personality. “ask someone else”. E.g., CBCL: Child Behavior Checklist (parent, teacher) or Peer Nomination Procedures (to identify bullies).8) (B) Behavioral data-One of Funder’s 4 clues to personality “watch the examinee”, Natural data as you can observe data directly. E.g., prosocial behavior in the classroom9) (L) Life outcomes data- One of Funder’s 4 clues to personality, “The result of personality”. E.g, medical records, work history, etc.10) Thematic Apperception Test- projective test in which the participant is asked to create a story (including future events) about a picture presented to the participant (TAT)11) Rorschach- Hermann Rorschach (a Swiss psychiatrist) created a projective test in which he showed his patients a series of ‘inkblots’ which has become on of the most widely used projective tests12) MMPI/ MMPI-2- Originally developed in the 1940’s/50’s. A self-report test that assesses psychopathology using criterion keying (‘known groups’ or “criterion” with common psychiatric illnesses answered t/f questions then were contrasted with answers of ‘normals’; the items that ‘discriminated’ between the two were added to the scale of the condition being assessed)13) Norm-referenced tests- a test that ranks individuals against others of a predefined population in respect to the trait that is being measured14) Projective/ performance-based tests- a technique that attempts to study personality by using a relatively unstructured stimulus, situation, or task15) Rorschach inkblot test- A projective measure in which patients are shown a series of symmetrical ‘inkblots’ and asked questions about them 16) Reliability-consistency of scores that are expected to be the same17) Internal consistency reliability- degree of consistency between equal or subparts of a test18) Test-retest reliability- the degree of consistency between results of the same assessment taken at different times19) Split-half reliability- a reliability measure in which a test is split into two parts and the scores from the two halves are compared. Similar scores mean that the test is measuring what it is supposed to measure.20) Interrater reliability- ensures reliability across examiners by defining the degree between two or more observers21) Classical test theory- psychometric testing used to recognize and develop the reliability of psychological tests and assessments (measured through performance of individuals taking the test and the difficulty of the test)22) True score and error- the average (observed scores) on every possible version of a particular testin order to account for error associated with test design23) Standard error of measurement- index of the expected variation in observed scores due to measurement error24) Sources of validity evidence- (Convergent, Discriminant, Criterion-related/predictive) Convergent-test relates to others of same construct, discriminant- test does not relate to tests ofunrelated constructs, criterion- related related/predictive- test predicts outcome criterion25) Construct validity- how much a test truly measures a theoretical construct26) Convergent validation- how much an assessment is related to what it should be related to27) Discriminant validation- how much an assessment is not related to what it should not be relatedto28) Face validity- items appear valid (upon face value) *not always an accurate measure of validity29) Criterion validity- measure of how accurately a variable or set of variables predicts an outcome based on comparison to other variables30) Predictive validity- test predicts outcome criterion31) Acquiescence response set- bias that causes people to be more likely to agree with