Psyx 385 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. Primary versus Secondary ReinforcersII. ShapingIII. Variables Affecting ReinforcementOutline of Current LectureI. Behavioral ApproachesII. Assumptions of Early TheoristsIII. Pavlovian OriginsIV. John Watson’s BehaviorismV. B.F. Skinner Radical BehaviorismCurrent LectureBehavioral ApproachesAssumptions of Early Theorists1. Evolutionary continuity: Behavior is Behavior; humans differ from animals in complexity2. Reductionism: personality= collection of behavioral patterns3. Determinism: Behavior is NEVER accidental, random or free4. Empricism: measurable events are the only suitable objects of studya. Mental states= epiphenomena—by-products of real phenomenaPavlovian Origins:1. Classical Conditioning: Stimulus evokes a response originally evoked by another stimulusa. Terminology…These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Neutral stimulus: no initial effectii. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): evokes a response naturally *unlearnediii. Unconditioned response (UCR): unlearned (reflexive) reaction to unconditioned stimulusiv. Conditioned stimulus (CS): previously neutral stimulus; acquires capacity to evoke a response through learningv. Conditioned Response (CR): Learned (conditioned) reaction to Conditioned stimulus1. Similar to Unconditioned Response (not absolutely the same and may differ in terms of intensity)An example from PavlovWhile studying the digestive systems of dogs needed a way to measure saliva output, created a situation where dogs were in harness and were presented systematically with food in a bowl, food was preceded by a bell or tone.The dogs developed a response to the bell as opposed to the meat powder.The bell acquired the capacity to evoke a physiological response (salivation) that had previously been evoked through food.Neutral stimulus (tone)---???Unconditioned stimulus (food/meat powder)---Unconditioned response (salivation)NS (tone)UCS(Food)----UCR (Saliva)As a result of the pairing of the tone and foodCS(tone)---CR (saliva)Additional Pavlovian Principles1. Generalization: CR to stimuli similar to CS2. Discrimination: Organism responds only to particular similar stimuli3. Extinction: weakening/disappearance of CRa. Repeated CS presentation in absence of UCSJohn Watson’s Behaviorism:1. A rejection of introspection:a. “ Why don’t we make what we can observe the real field of psychology. Let us limit ourselves to things that can be observed and formulate laws concerning only those things. Now what can we observe? We can observe [only] behavior. (Watson)b. Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to taken any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancesters. (Watson, 1930)2. The conditioning of neurosis (i.e., fear) NS (Rat) UCS(Noise)UCR (crying)CS (Rat)CR (crying)An ApplicationNS (social event) UCS(negative experiment)UCR (Anxiety) CS(Social Event)CR(Anxiety)Generalization range of similar social settings trigger anxietyB.F. Skinner: Radical Behaviorism1. Thorndike’s Law of Effect: Learning initiated through trial and errora. Response strengthened if leads to ‘satisfaction’b. ‘annoying’ responses weakened2. Skinner’s Empirical Law of Effect: Likelihood of Behavior depends on consequencesa. Deemphasized ‘satisfaction’ and ‘annoyance’Operant Conditioning: Principles1.) Two classes of consequences:a. Reinforcement: Increases likelihood of Bxi. Positive: addition (+) of a stimulus ii. Negative: removal (-) of a stimulusb. Punishment: decreased likelihood of Bxi. Positive: adding a stimulusii. Negative: removing a stimulusExamples:1. sharing toys increases after praisea. positive reinforcement: reward2. smoking is maintained b/b a puff or two makes the ‘jitters’ go awaya. negative reinforcement: relief3. Lying reduced when allowance is withhelda. Negative punishment: reward removal4. Chatting in a large classes reduced because I shock studentsa. Positive punishment: painFundamental Assumptions- Delprato & Midgley (1992)1. Purpose of science= Prediction and Control2. Behavior is determined and lawful3. Causes found in the Environmenta. Often these are found in the past…Dualism is False: Physical