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UM PSYX 385 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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Psyx 385 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide: Chapters 5-7Chapter FiveVocabulary and Key Concepts:1. Temperament- Individual differences in reactivity, physiology guides response to environment, underlies behavioral tendencies not discrete acts2. Activity- dimension of temperament, motion/movement3. Emotionality-dimension of temperament, expressed emotion/affect4. Sociability-dimension of temperament, engagement in interpersonal interaction5. Behavioral genomics- the study of how genes affect behavior6. Eysenck’s model of nervous system arousal/activation- spectrum of introversion to extroversion and the arousal associated, introversion and extroversion related to corticalarousal, mediated by the ascending reticular activating system7. Introversion-higher arousal, stimulus shy8. Extroversion-lower arousal, stimulus seeking9. Neuroticism- high neuroticism= emotionally reactive, moody, anxious, low neuroticism: emotionally stable, linked to activation threshold of sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system10. Ascending reticular activating system-mediates cortical arousal11. Behavioral Inhibition System- anxiety, orients organism to new stimuli, sensitive to threat, the “breaks” of behavior12. Impulsivity- tendency to act on a whim13. Anxiety- a feeling of supposedly imminent danger which may or may not be factually supported14. Sensation seeking- the search for experiences and feelings that are “varied, novel, complex and intense”, coupled with the willingness to take risks to experience such experiences15. Addiction proneness- the extent to which an individual is vulnerable to addiction16. Monozygotic- twins originated from one egg and one sperm17. Dizygotic- twins originated from two eggs and two sperm18. Nonshared environmental variance- features of the environment that children raised in the same home experience differently19. Inclusive fitness-evolutionary psych, an organisms genetic success is believed to be derived from cooperation and altruistic behavior20. Tropism-the tendency to seek out certain types of environments21. Paternity uncertainty- there is always a chance that the offspring is not the father’s, if a male invests in someone else’s child then he suffers large resource costs to himself and his own legitimate offspring, therefore parental investment has better benefits for mothers than for fathers22. Environment of evolutionary adaptedness- the environment to which a particular evolved mechanism in an adapted species is adapted23. Evolved psychological mechanisms- evolved behavior in response to evolutionary pressuresChapter 6Vocabulary and Key Concepts:1. Behaviorism-the learning approach to psychology introduced by John Watson the emphasizes the study of observable behavior2. Classical Conditioning-the concept that after the repeated pairing of an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response and a neutral stimulus, the previously neutral stimulus can come to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus3. Neutral stimulus- causing no initial effect4. Unconditioned stimulus- naturally evokes a response5. Unconditioned response-response naturally reactive to the unconditioned stimulus6. Conditioned stimulus- previously neutral stimulus acquires capacity to evoke a response7. Conditioned response- learned (conditioned) reaction to the conditioned stimulus8. Generalization- conditioned response to stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus9. Extinction-weakening/disappearance of conditioned response10. Systematic desensitization- purposeful extinction of the conditioned response11. Law of Effect (Thorndike)- learning initiated through trial and error, response strengthened ifleads to ‘satisfaction’, ‘annoying’ responses weakened12. Empirical Law of Effect (Skinner)- likelihood of behavior depends on consequences, deemphasized ‘satisfaction’ and ‘annoyance’13. Operant conditioning- based off of reinforcement versus punishment14. Reinforcement (pos and neg)-increases likelihood of behavior, positive addition of positive stimulus, negative= removal of negative stimulus15. Punishment (pos and neg)- decreases likelihood of behavior, positive= addition of punishment, negative= removal 16. Three-term contingency- behavior (response), consequences (r/p), occasion under which behavior occurs (stimuli)17. Public vs. private behavior- public= accessible; private=limited accessibility18. Intentional vs. physical explanations- intentional implies that there was ‘mentalism’ behind their actions, physical is behavior basedChapter 7Vocabulary and Key Concepts:1. Cognitive Approach- how we think and perceive composes personality2. Gestalt psychology- 3 basic tenets humans are meaning seekers, experienced sensation is organized into meaningful perceptions, the whole is greater than the sum ofits parts3. Field Theory (Kurt Lewin)- behavior is determined by interactions among a person’s psychology, environment, and relationship between person and environment4. Contemporaneous causation- behavior is caused by all of the influences that are present in the individual at that moment5. Field dependent-influenced by salient (not necessarily relevant) aspects of context6. Field Independent-less influenced by context; more from internalized factors7. Corollaries- describe how constructs are developed and organized8. Constructive alternativism- no one need to be prisoner to his/her own construct system9. Observational Learning- learning through observing others, we decide to perform what we observe10. Bobo Doll Experiment- modeling aggressive behavior, exp. Group adult aggressed, ctrl.Group no aggression, Exp. Group greater aggression, aggression maximized when model was rewarded11. Outcome expectancy- beliefs regarding the outcome of behavior, positive expectancy= more likely, negative expectancy= less likely12. self-efficacy- beliefs regarding one’s competence in behavioral performance in a given situation, influenced by… experiences with same/similar behavior, vicarious experience (observational), verbal persuasion from others, emotional reaction to behavior13. schemas- organized set of cognitions; thus, we ‘sum up’ experiences in consistent ways14. Cognition- synthesizes internal/external stimuli, composes ‘stream of


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UM PSYX 385 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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