COMM 1113 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5Lecture 1 (January 13)Introduction to Communication in Chapter One of Communication MattersWhat is communication along with its processes? Communication: the process s by which humans use signs, symbols, and behaviors to exchange information and create meaning.The communication process begins with a source, who encodes a message and sends the information through a channel. After crossing a given channel, a receiver obtains the message and decodes it.Define the following terms of communication: source, encoding, message, channel, receiver, decoding, and noise. Source: individual who has a thought that he or she wishes to communicateEncode: to put an idea into the form of a language or gesture that others can understandMessage: consists of several verbal and/or nonverbal elements of communication to which people give meaningChannel: a pathway for conveying messagesReceiver: person who will decode the messageDecode: interpreting a messageNoise: anything that interferes with a receiver’s ability to attend to a messageWhat are the five types of communication and their characteristics? Intrapersonal Communication: the communication one has with himself in a dialogue format, not including general cognitionInterpersonal Communication: occurs between two people in the context of their ongoing relationship; the most common form of communication in which people partakeSmall Group Communication: involves groups of 3 to 20 peopleOrganizational (or public) Communication: occurs when one speaks or writes to a larger audience that a small groupMass Communication: communication transmitted through mass media, including newspaper, television, the Internet, and radio; best channel for distributing news but lacks personal connectionWhy do people communicate? Physical Needs: social interaction encourages mental and physical health among human beingsRelational Needs: the essential elements people look for in their relationships with other individualsIdentity Needs: the ways people communicate with one another help to shape the way in whichone views himself through constant and subconscious comparison of the traits of othersSpiritual Needs: includes the principles someone values in life, encompasses one’s sense of morality, and develops beliefs about the purpose of living through means of religion and philosophyInstrumental Needs: humans communicate to meet their practical, everyday needs, including scheduling appointments or getting a job; this is the most common form of daily communicationWhat is a communication model? Model: a lens used to examine real lifeWhat are the three types of communication models and their characteristics? Action Model: a one way process, in which the source encodes a message that then travels along a channel to a receiver, who decodes the message’s meaning; noise interferes with this processInteraction Model: a two way process that continues after the action model ends and includes the same elements as the action model, such as source, message, channel, receiver, noise, encoding, and decoding, but differs slightly because it adds the elements of feedback and context to an interactionTransaction Model: does not distinguish between a source and receiver as it maintains that bothpeople in a conversation are simultaneously sources and receivers as the communication occursin both directions; each person must adapt behavior to one another to sustain the conversation;best reflects the complex nature of communicationDefine feedback, context, and types of context. Feedback: various verbal and/or nonverbal responses to a messageContext: the environment surrounding a situationPhysical Context: reflects where one is when physically interacting with othersPsychological Context: includes factors that influence an individual’s state of mindWhat are the three types of noise and their characteristics?Physical Noise: related to external environmentPsychological Noise: related to the mindPhysiological Noise: related to the bodyLecture 2 (January 20)Discussion of Small Group Communication in Chapter 9 of Communication MattersWhat are the characteristics of small group communication? - Involves between 3 and 15 to 20 people- Characterized by interdependence, in which each member of the group affects, and is affected by, the other group members’ actions- Maintain cohesion, or a commonality among group members through similar goals, identity,and mutual likings of one another- Example: sports teams- Share rules (formal) and norms (implicit)What is social loafing, what idea conveys this, and how can small groups avoid it? Social Loafing: the idea of imbalance of workload among individuals in a groupIt is conveyed through Ringelmann’s effect, which is a rope pull experiment.Small groups can avoid this by valuing collective action, maintaining good leadership, monitoring individual performances with individual rewards, and using communication to maintain group well-being.What is the wisdom of the crowd and an experiment that proves its theories? The wisdom of the crowd is expressed through Galton’s experiment in 1906. Fair goers were asked to estimate the weight of an ox, and although no one guessed the correct answer, the average of all the guesses only differed from the actual answer by one pound. While individuals may be incorrect, the crowd is accurate.Why are crowds smart? Crowds are smart because of their diversity, independence, and decentralization. The best decisions are products of disagreement and contest. People in groups have access to differentsources and types of information.What is GroupThink and as well as its conditions, some examples, symptoms and ways to avoid GroupThink?GroupThink: a negative concept constructed by Irving JanisConditions include strong and cohesive group lacking diversity; group members feel smart and above reproach; dissent viewed as disloyalty; entire group loses touch with reality; and the group tends to make poor decisions.Examples include JFK after the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941, and the Challenger Explosion of 1986.Symptoms include invulnerability, rationale, and moral superiority.Ways to avoid GroupThink include critical thinking and dissenting opinions.Lecture 3 (January 27)Discussion of Culture and Co-Culture in Chapter 2 of Communication MattersWhat is culture? Culture: the totality of learned shared symbols, language, values, and norms that