COMM 1113 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Nonverbal CommunicationA. CultureB. FunctionsC. ElementsOutline of Current Lecture I. ListeningA. Types of ListeningB. Barriers to Effective ListeningC. SilenceCurrent LectureI. ListeningA. Listening is much more than hearing because it requires effort and is an active processB. Western culture does not teach the value of listening and focuses mostly on speaking insteadC. Types Listening1. Informational Listening: to learn and gain information2. Critical Listening: to analyze and evaluate3. Emphatic Listening: to understand another person and his experiences and perspectiveD. Barriers to Effective Listening1. Noise: physical and psychological2. Pseudolistening: appear to listen but do not (through nonverbals)3. Information Overload: occurs during multitasking4. Glazing Over: the mind is not kept busy enough for its capacities, thus it wnaders (common between children and adults)5. Rebuttal Tendency: to interrupt or contradict another person in an assumed prediction of what he might say6. Closed-Mindedness: refusing to listen to perspectives different than one’sown7. Competitive Interrupting: to gain control of the conversationE. SilenceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Keith Basso, a linguistic anthropologist, found that silence is used to calm people who are enraged, so as to avoid further violence through his studyof the Western Apache people2. In the West, knowledge is valued and demonstrating what one knows is expected 3. In the non-Western world, silence is an opportunity to learn, a space of agreement4. Silence is a reminder of the interdependence of the universe: how everything, humans, nature, and the cosmos, are connected5. Basso’s study of the Cibeque Apache people, who speak Coyotero and livein North Central Arizonaa. Meeting strangers is done in silence because strangers are not justunknown persons – they are beings from a realm of strangenessb. Courtship patterns are based on silence and upheld through the development of nonverbal indicatorsc. Silence occurs between children and parents after long separationsd. Silence is expected when being with another individual who is sade. Aggression and violence are perceived as craziness and respondedto with silencef. The fundamental rule apparent in each of these situations is that when relationships among participants are ambiguous, the response is