COMM 1113 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 10 - 13Lecture 10 (March 31)Discussion of Intimate RelationshipsWhat are dialectical tensions? What are universal expectations regarding relationships? What are four different types of responses to conflict? What are the five stages of developing relationships, the five stages of ending relationships, and their characteristics?Intimate relationships require investment and balance of dialectical tensions. This phrase defines the notion that the world moves and things happen when two opposing forces collide toform a new entity. The idea of dialectical tension is to find a balance between the two forces. There are three different types of dialectical tensions that involve two opposite forces. Autonomy and connection describe the amount of unity shared between two individuals in terms of maintaining individuality. Openness and closedness pertain to the limits and minimumsof self-disclosure between people. Predictability and Novelty relate to the balance of surprise and uncertainty required to minimize boredom but sustain consistency.Expectations around the world include exclusivity, voluntariness, love, and sexuality.Conflicts in romantic relationships may be treated in a validating, volatile, conflict-avoiding, or hostile manner.Developing Relationship Stages:- Initiating: the stage of relationship development at which people meet and interact for thefirst time- Experimenting: the stage of relationship development at which people converse to learn more about each other- Intensifying: the stage of relationship development at which people move from being acquaintances to being close friends- Integrating: the stage of relationship development at which a deep commitment has formed, and the partners share a strong sense that the relationship has its own identity- Bonding: the stage of relationship development at which partners make a public announcement of their commitment to each otherDissolution Relationship Stages- Differentiating: the stage of relationship dissolution at which partners begin to view their differences as undesirable or annoying- Circumscribing: the stage of relationship dissolution at which partners begin to decrease the quality or quantity of their communication with each other- Stagnating: the stage of relationship dissolution at which the relationship stops growingand the partners feel as if they are just “going through the motions”- Avoiding: the stage of relationship dissolution at which partners create physical and emotional distance from each other- Terminating: the stage of relationship dissolution at which the relationship is officially deemed to be overLecture 11 (April 7)Discussion of Leadership and Decision MakingWhat are the different functions of leadership and their characteristics? What traits do leaders often share? What are different types of power and their descriptions? What are some rules regarding brainstorming? What methods are used for decision making in groups and their characteristics? What is Groupthink and what are the major warning signs of its presence? What is false consensus?Task functions are activities that help groups achieve goals. Relationship functions are activities that improve emotional climate or increase the satisfaction of individual members.Leaders share physical traits, such as sex, height, and physical appearance; however, this does not mean that people lacking male, tall, and attractive characteristics cannot be leaders. Leaders also share psychosocial traits, which are characteristics of one’s personality and ways of relating to others. In particular, these are focused on self-esteem, self-monitoring, and outgoingness.- Reward: a form of power based on the ability to reward another for doing what is asked- Coercive: a form of power that comes from the ability to punish- Referent: a form of power that derives from attraction to the leader- Legitimate: a form of power in which one’s status or position gives them the right to make requests with which others must comply- Expert: a form of power that stems from having expertise in a particular area- Informational: a form of power that stems from the ability to control access to information- Focus on quantity: generate as many different ideas a possible in the allotted time- Don’t criticize: while ideas are being generated, put all discussion about the merits of ideas on hold until later- Encourage creativity: welcome unusual ideas, even those that may at first sound crazy or nonsensical- Piggyback: allow members to build on each other’s ideas or combine ideas - Unanimous consensus: uncontested support for a decision—sometimes the only option ina group’s decision-making process- Majority rule: a decision-making process that follows the will of the majority- Minority rule: a decision-making process in which a small number of members makes adecision on behalf of the group- Expert Opinion: recommendations of individuals who have expertise in a particular area that are sometimes the basis of a group’s decision making process- Authority rule: a decision-making process in which the leader of the group makes the decisions- Garbage can: problems, solutions, participants, and choices are all combined together, which may lead to less rational conclusionsGroupthink is a situation in which group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts. Warning signs:- Illusion of invulnerability: group members are overly confident in their position, ignoring obvious problems- Collective rationalization: members “explain away” any ideas that are contrary to the group’s position- Illusion of morality: members believe the decisions they make are morally correct, ignoring any arguments to the contrary- Excessive stereotyping: members construct negative stereotypes of anyone who disagrees with them- Pressure for conformity: members feel pressure to conform to the group’s decision and are branded as disloyal if they do not- Self-censorship: embers don’t speak up if they have dissenting viewpoints- Illusion of unanimity: members falsely perceive that everyone agrees with the group’s decision, because they don’t hear anyone offering counterarguments- Mindguards: some members actively prevent the group fro hearing about arguments or evidence against the group’s positionFalse consensus is an outcome where some members of a group say they support the unanimous decision even though they do not.