COMM 1113 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 6 - 9Lecture 6 (February 17)Discussion of Nonverbal CommunicationWhat percentage of communication is nonverbal? 65-70%Why is nonverbal communication more believable? Nonverbal communication is more believable because it is more difficult to fake than verbal communication.How is nonverbal communication dependent on culture? High context cultures pay more attention to nonverbal communication, whereas low context cultures pay more attention to verbal communication and literal meanings.What are functions of nonverbal communication? - helps people manage conversations- helps people manage relationships- helps people form first impressions- helps people influence other people- helps people conceal informationWhat are the ten channels of nonverbal communication and their definitions and characteristics?- Facial Displays: facial expressions that are important sources of information in nonverbal communication, including the importance of symmetry and proportionality, which convey more information than any other channel associated with nonverbals- Eye Behavior: oculesics is the study of eye behavior as the eye communicates more than any other part of the face, such as to express attraction, gain credibility, or intimidate- Movement and Gestures: kinesics is the study of movement, which includes gesticulation, or the use of arm and hand movements, with the subcategories emblems (gestures translatable to a verbal meaning), illustrators (gestures clarifying a verbal message), affect display (gestures communicating emotion), regulators (gestures controlling the flow of conversation), and adaptors (gestures used to satisfy a personal need).- Touch Behaviors: haptics is the study of the use of touch through the forms of affectionatetouch (hugging and kissing), caregiving touch (care or service), power and control touch (to exert power over the behavior of others), aggressive touch (punching and kicking), ritualistic touch (a custom or tradition, like handshaking)- Vocal Behaviors: vocalics are characteristics of voice, also referred to as paralanguage to indicate that they go along with the spoken word to convey meaning, with the components of pitch, inflection, volume, rate, filler words, pronunciation, articulation, accent, and silence- Use of Smell: olfactics is one’s sense of smell that contributes to memory and sexual attraction- Use of Space: proxemics is the scientific study of spatial use with varying distances of intimate distance (0 to 1 ½ feet for only the closet and most intimate friends and family members), personal distance (1 ½ to 4 feet for other friends and family members), socialdistance (4 to 12 feet for customers, casual acquaintances, or others unknown for more impersonal interaction), public distance (12 to 25 feet occurs during speeches and performances to increase visibility)- Physical Appearance: through the halo effect, people often believe that if a person looks good, he or she is subconsciously assumed good- Use of Time: chronemics is the way people use time- Use of Artifacts: objects and visual features within as environment that reflect a person and what he or she likesLecture 7 (March 3) Discussion of ListeningWhat is the difference between hearing and listening and how do some cultures view listening? Listening is an active experience, requiring effort, whereas hearing is a passive action. Western culture does not teach the value of listening and focuses mostly on speaking instead.What are the three types of listening and their descriptions? - Informational listening: to learn and gain information- Critical listening: to analyze and evaluate- Emphatic listening: to experience what the speaker thinks or feelsWhat are barriers to effective listening and their definitions? - Noise: anything that distracts people from listening to what they wish to listen to as eitherphysical or psychological- Pseudolistening and Selective Attention: pretending to listen; listening only to what one wants to hear and ignoring the rest- Information Overload: the state of being overwhelmed by the enormous amount ofinformation encountered each day and occurs during multitasking- Glazing Over: daydreaming or allowing the mind to wander while another person is speaking- Rebuttal Tendency: the propensity to debate a speaker’s point and formulate a reply whilethat person is still speaking- Closed-mindedness: the tendency not to listen to anything with which one disagrees- Competitive Interrupting: the practice of using interruptions to take control of the conversationWhat are the varying cultural views regarding silence? In Western culture, knowledge is valued and demonstrating what one knows is expected; however, in the non-Western world, silence is an opportunity to learn as a space of agreement.What did Keith Basso learn about silence through the Western Cibeque Apache people?He discovered that silence is used to calm people who are enraged, so as to avoid further violence. Silence is a reminder of the interdependence of the universe: how everything, humans, nature, and the cosmos, are connected. From Apache tribe, Basso learned about the uses of silence. Meeting strangers is done in silence because strangers are not just unknown persons – they are beings from a realm of strangeness. Courtship patterns are based on silence and upheld through the development of nonverbal indicators. Silence occurs between children and parents after long separations. Silence is expected when with another individual who is sad.Aggression and violence are perceived as craziness and responded to with silence. The fundamental rule apparent in each of these situations is that when relationships among participants are ambiguous, the response is silence.Lecture 8 (March 10)Discussion of Gender and CommunicationWhat are the definitions of sex, gender, and sexual orientation? - sex: biological chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs- gender: cultural, walking, talking, dressing, drinking- sexual orientation: desireHow are boys and girls socialized differently? Boys: large groups, competitive, clear goals, specific rules and roles, the game or toy specifies who does what, action-driven, involve physical activityGirls: pairs or small groups, no pre-set rules or roles, the game or toy requires player to talk all the time to define roles, no winners or losersWhat do boy and girls learn about communication rules? Boys: to assert ideas, opinions, and