BCHM 3050 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I General Mechanisms of Enzyme Regulation II Three Main Types of Inhibitors a Competitive b Non competitive c Uncompetitive III Designer Drugs for AIDS IV Covalent Modification of Enzymes V Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes VI Other Factors that Regulate Enzyme Activity Outline of Current Lecture I Nucleic Acids II Components of Nucleotides III Nitrogenous Bases IV Nucleosides V Nucleotides VI Role of ATP in Energy Metabolism VII Significance of G VIII Cyclic Nucleotides Current Lecture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute I Nucleic Acids a Nucleic Acids linear polymers of nucleotides that function in the storage and expression of genetic information and its transfer from one generation to the next b Two types RNA and DNA c DNA is the blueprint of life and you are supposed to have the same DNA in each cell of the body but mutations sometimes change this d Called Nucleic acids because of the overall negative charge e RNA is the middle man tales message from DNA and coverts it to proteins II Components of Nucleotides a Three components include a nitrogenous base pentose sugar and phosphate b Nucleotide is the building block of DNA c Know the structure of all 3 parts d Sugars tend to form ring like structure and connect to a nitrogen atom and a phosphate group at the 5th carbon atom e Deoxyribose sugar lacks an oxygen atom this is an ribose sugar III Nitrogenous Bases a Purines bigger and have a two ring structure b Pyrimidines smaller and have one ring structure c Adenine and Guanine are the physiological purines found in DNA Guanine has a double bond to oxygen d Xanthine and Hypoxanthine are deanimation products that sometimes need to be removed and replaced with adenine and guanine e created by removing the amino group and adding an oxygen f occurs in the presence of water g Thymine and Cytosine are Pyrimidines in DNA thymine has two double bond oxygens and it is the only base to have a methyl group attached to it h Thymine is only in DNA and Uracil is only in RNA i AT and GC bonds j Always find bases attached to a sugar do not find free bases in nature k Theobromine theophylline caffeine are all modifications of nitrogen bases purines IV Nucleosides a Bond connecting the base to the sugar is always at carbon atom 1 linkage where a sugar is attached to a base or another sugar is a glycosidic linkage b Carbon atoms 2 and 3 have OH attached to it means that it s a ribose sugar and only found in RNA c If the sugar is missing an oxygen then it is deoxyribose and found in DNA d Nucleoside sugar attached to a nitrogenous base not a phosphate group e Thymine would not be attached to a ribose sugar because it is not part of RNA f Adenosine competes with caffine for the same receptor it is produced when we are sleepy but when we consume caffeine it competes with adenosine and reverses the affect of adenosine g Ex Fungus attacks this caterpillar in the larval stage secretion of a modification of Adenosine doesn t have an oxygen in the 3rd carbon position and this disrupts the DNA synthesis h Zeatin and Zeatin Riboside are derived from Adenine V Nucleotides a Phosphate group must be in the 5th carbon position to be considered a nucleotide b Bond connecting the phosphate group to a carbon atom of the sugar is a phosphoester bond c Monophosphate because it only has one phosphate group d Carbons on sugars are labeled 5 4 3 2 1 rather than just 5 4 3 2 1 e You will not find thymadinemonophosphate because it is a DNA molecule instead it ll be deoxythymadinemonophosphate f All Deoxy ribonucleotides all lack an oxygen atom at carbon atom 2 g TP stands of tri phosphate h ATP is very important and provides us with energy VI Role of ATP in Energy Metabolism a Catabolic reactions larger molecules are broken down also called exergonic rxns because they release energy b Endergonic anabolic reactions use ATP as energy to complete the reaction VII Significance of G a Exergonic reaction free energy is negative product has less energy than the reactant favorable and spontaneous reactions b Endergonic reaction free energy is positive building up bonds product has higher energy scavengers c Breaking down ATP is an exergonic reaction release terminal phosphate group by breaking the phosphoanhydride bond d This energy is used to build up other reactions e Know that 7 3 kcal mole is the energy released during ATP hydrolysis VIII Cyclic Nucleotides a Signaling cascades can have multiple targets and affect multiple parts of the body b Primary messengers are often hormones and the secondary messengers are derivatives c cGMP mediated nitric oxide signaling is a relatively new signal cascade especially in plants d Much is known about cAMP mediated signaling e Reaction between phosphate group and the 3rd carbon OH group forms cyclic AMP or cGMP f Purines Adenine and Guanine are the ones that form the cyclic compounds
View Full Document
Unlocking...