Slide 12-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behaviorSlide 62-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behaviorSlide 82-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behaviorSlide 122-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behaviorSlide 142-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behaviorSlide 162-4 Somatic nervous system: Transmitting informationSlide 182-4 Somatic nervous system: Transmitting information2-4 Somatic nervous system: Transmitting information2-4 Somatic nervous system: Transmitting information2-4 Somatic nervous system: Transmitting information2-4 Somatic nervous system: Transmitting information2-5 Autonomic nervous system: Balancing internal functionsSlide 252-6 Ten principles of nervous-system function2-6 Ten principles of nervous-system function2-6 Ten principles of nervous-system function2-6 Ten principles of nervous-system function2-6 Ten principles of nervous-system function2-6 Ten principles of nervous-system function2-6 Ten principles of nervous-system function2-6 Ten principles of nervous-system functionSlide 342-6 Ten principles of nervous-system function2-6 Ten principles of nervous-system functionSlide 37Chapter 1 ReviewChapter 2 ReviewChapter 2b:How Does the Nervous System Function?2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior•Forebrain–Largest region of mammalian brain–Neocortex (cerebral cortex)•4 lobes–Basal Ganglia•Voluntary movement –Limbic system•Emotion and memory2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior•Cortex–old and new–Neocortex•“new bark,” unique to mammals–Limbic cortex (older cortex)•More primitive, found in the brains of other chordates, in addition to mammals2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior•Human neocortex –2500 cm2, 1.5-3 mm thick •About 4 book pages•Chimpanzee, about 1 page2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior•Cortical Lobes–Each hemisphere is subdivided into 4 lobes, named after skull bones overlying them•Fissures and sulci establish the boundaries•Bone location is not related to function•Lobes are somewhat arbitrarily defined and contain many different functional areas–Frontal•Executive function, decision making, movement–Parietal•somatosensation, sensory processing, directing movement toward objects–Temporal•Auditory, memory, music, visual, gustatory–Occipital•Primary visual2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior•Cortical Layers–Neocortex has 6 layers of gray matter•Older cortex has 3-4–Different layers have different types of cells–Cell density varies–Differences related to specific function–Cell type and density differences –Chemical concentration differencesCytoarchitectonic map: Brodmann’s areas2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior•Cortical Layers–Gray matter–Somatosensory cortex•Large layer IV•Sensory input–Motor cortex•Large layer V and VI•Motor output2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior•Cortex–Cortex is connected to virtually all other brain areas•Making it difficult to study •Cortex must also be considered while studying other regions–Hierarchical organization•From primary to complex processing–Involved in many processes that ultimately make up our reality2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior•Basal Ganglia–Principle structures•Caudate•Putamen•Globus Pallidus–Voluntary movement•Parkinson’s, Tourette’s•Control and coordination of movements, rather than activating the muscles themselveshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBh2LxTW0s02-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior•Limbic system–Principle structures•Amygdala•Hippocampus•Cingulate (or limbic) cortex–Emotion, memory, motivated behavior•Not a unitary system, but rather many structures involved in many behaviorshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyY1ul_DbcQ2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior•Olfactory system–Olfactory bulbs at the front of the brain–Connected to receptors in the nasal cavity–Considered part of the forebrain•Different from other senses•Projects to pyriform cortex before the thalamus–Other senses project to midbrain and thalamus2-4 Somatic nervous system: Transmitting information•Somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves•Cranial nerves–Connections with face, head, neck, internal organs•Sensations and movements of head and facial muscles, eyes, tongue, and internal organs–Some cranial nerves have both sensory and motor functions–12 pairs •One set of 12 controls left side of head while the others control the right side–The tongue is even controlled like this2-4 Somatic nervous system: Transmitting information•Spinal Nerves–Spinal cord inside vertebrae–Spinal nerves receive somatosensation and move muscles of arms, legs, trunk–5 anatomical regions of vertebrae•Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal–Dermatome•Body segments corresponding to spinal nerves2-4 Somatic nervous system: Transmitting information•Connections of the somatic nervous system–Law of Bell and Magendie•Dorsal spinal cord receives sensory information•Ventral spinal cord sends motor commands2-4 Somatic nervous system: Transmitting information•Connections of the somatic nervous system–Neurologists can figure out the location of nerve damage based on symptoms•Example:•Numbness in hand but still able to move–Dorsal roots of C7 and C8 must be damaged•If sensation is normal, but no movement–Ventral roots must be damaged2-4 Somatic nervous system: Transmitting information•Bell’s Palsy–Paralysis that develops when the motor part of a facial nerve becomes inflamed2-4 Somatic nervous system: Transmitting information•Integrating spinal function–Complex movements require coordinated activity from different segments–Segments are interconnected and can operate together–Although integration of spinal cord activities does not require the brain, the brain is typically involved2-5 Autonomic nervous system: Balancing internal functions•Autonomic nervous system–Processes happen without conscious awareness•Breathing, heart beat, regulation of internal organs, etc.–Sympathetic division•Prepares the body for action•“fight or flight”–Parasympathetic division•Calms the