CHAPTER How Does the Nervous System Function? 2Functional Organization of the Nervous System (Recall) •Direction of Neural Information Flow is ImportantAnatomical Divisions of the Nervous SystemFunctional Divisions of the Nervous SystemThe Basics: Finding Your Way Around the Brain • It is important to understand the nomenclature used to describe different views or parts of the brainThe Basics: Finding Your Way Around the BrainThe Basics: Finding Your Way Around the BrainAn Overview of Brain Function and Structure The Brain’s Surface Features • Meninges: Three layers of protective tissue – Dura mater: – Arachnoid layer: – Pia mater:An Overview of Brain Function and Structure The Brain’s Surface Features • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) – MeningitisSurface Features of the Brain: Cerebral Cortex (Recall) • Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes:An Overview of Brain Function and Structure The Brain’s Surface FeaturesSurface Features of the Brain: Cerebral Cortex (Recall)Surface Features of the Brain cerebellum cerebrumSurface Features of the Brain • Gyrus (pl. gyri) – A small protrusion or bump formed by the folding of the cerebral cortex • Sulcus (pl. sulci) – A groove in brain matter, usually found in the neocortex or cerebellum • Fissure – A very deep sulcusSurface Features of the Brain • BrainstemAn Overview of Brain Function and Structure The Brain’s Surface Features • Surface Blood VesselsAn Overview of Brain Function and Structure The Brain’s Internal Features • Four Ventricles: Two lateral ventricles (left and right);Third ventricle; Fourth ventricleAn Overview of Brain Function and Structure The Brain’s Internal Features (macro view)An Overview of Brain Function and Structure The Brain’s Internal Features Microscopic Inspection: Cells and Fibers Two main types of cells: • Neurons • Glial cells• Nucleus (pl. nuclei) • Nerve • Tract An Overview of Brain Function and Structure The Brain’s Internal FeaturesEvolutionary Development of the Nervous System Our evolutionary history, our developmental history, and our own personal history are integrated at the various anatomical and functional levels of the nervous system The forebrain grows dramatically in the evolution of the mammalian brain.The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior Three Major Components • Spinal Cord • Brainstem • ForebrainThe Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior The Spinal Cord • Controls most body movements • Can act independently of the brain • Spinal reflex:Kolb & Whishaw, An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, Fourth Edition - Chapter 2 Spinal Cord • Controls most body movements • Can act independently of the brain • Spinal reflex: – Automatic movement – Hard to prevent (brain cannot inhibit) – Example: Knee-jerk reflex (patellar tendon)The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior The Brainstem • Begins where spinal cord enters the skull • Produces movement and creates a sensory world • Three regions: – Hindbrain – Midbrain – Diencephalon Developed as simple animals evolved a brainThe Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior The Brainstem Hindbrain: Evolutionarily the oldest part of the brain • Contains: Cerebellum; Reticular Formation; Pons; MedullaThe Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior The Brainstem Hindbrain • CerebellumThe Brainstem: Reticular Formation, Pons, MedullaThe Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior The Midbrain • Tectum • TegmentumThe Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior The Brainstem Diencephalon • HypothalamusThe Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior Diencephalon • ThalamusThe Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior The Forebrain The Forebrain: • Neocortex: • Basal Ganglia: • Limbic System:The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior The Forebrain The Cortex • Neocortex (“new bark”) • Limbic CortexThe Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior The Forebrain Cortical Layers • Cytoarchitectonic MapThe Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior The Forebrain The Basal Ganglia • caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidusThe Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior The Forebrain The Limbic System • amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate cortexAnatomical Divisions of the Nervous System (Recall)Functional Divisions of the Nervous System (Recall)The Somatic Nervous System: Transmitting Information • The SNS is monitored and controlled by the CNS • The cranial nerves by the brain • The spinal nerves by the spinal cord segmentsThe Somatic Nervous System: Transmitting Information - The Cranial NervesThe Somatic Nervous System: Transmitting Information The Spinal Nerves • Dermatome – Area of the skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers by a single spinal-cord dorsal rootThe Somatic Nervous System: Transmitting Information The Spinal Nerves • Connections of the Somatic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous SystemTen Principles Principle 1: • The Nervous System Produces Movement Within a Perceptual World the Brain CreatesTen Principles Principle 2: • The Details of Nervous-System Functioning Are Constantly Changing, an Attribute Called NeuroplasticityTen Principles Principle 3: • Many of the Brain’s Circuits Are CrossedTen Principles Principle 4: • The Central Nervous System Functions on Multiple LevelsTen Principles Principle 5: • The Brain Is Both Symmetrical and AsymmetricalPrinciple 6: Brain Systems Are Organized Both Hierarchically and in Parallel Subsystems of the brain are organized into multiple parallel pathways. Yet our conscious experiences are always unified Ten PrinciplesTen Principles Principle 7: • Sensory and Motor Divisions Exist Throughout the Nervous SystemTen Principles Principle 8: • Sensory Input to the Brain Is Divided for Object Recognition and Motor Control action recognitionTen Principles Principle 9: • Functions in the Brain Are Both Localized and DistributedTen Principles Principle 10: • The Nervous System Works by Juxtaposing Excitation and