Slide Number 1What Are the Units of Nervous System Function?The Cells of the Nervous SystemThe Cells of the Nervous SystemCells of the Nervous System Neurons: The Basis of Information ProcessingCells of the Nervous System Neurons: The Basis of Information ProcessingCells of the Nervous System Neurons: The Basis of Information ProcessingCells of the Nervous System Neurons: The Basis of Information ProcessingCells of the Nervous System Five Types of Glial CellsCells of the Nervous System Five Types of Glial CellsSlide Number 11Cells of the Nervous System Five Types of Glial CellsThe Cells of the Nervous SystemThe Cells of the Nervous SystemCells of the Nervous System Five Types of Glial CellsSlide Number 16Multiple sclerosis Internal Structure of a Cell The Cell As a FactorySlide Number 19Internal Structure of a Cell The Nucleus: Site of Gene TranscriptionInternal Structure of a Cell The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Site of RNA SynthesisInternal Structure of a Cell The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Site of RNA SynthesisInternal Structure of a Cell Proteins: The Cell’s ProductInternal Structure of a Cell Golgi Bodies and Microtubules: Protein Packaging and ShipmentInternal Structure of a Cell Crossing the Cell Membrane: Channels, Gates, and PumpsGenes, Cells, and BehaviorGenes, Cells, and Behavior Chromosomes and GenesGenes, Cells, and Behavior Chromosomes and GenesGenes, Cells, and Behavior Chromosomes and GenesGenes, Cells, and Behavior Genotype and PhenotypeGenes, Cells, and Behavior Dominant and Recessive AllelesGenes, Cells, and Behavior Dominant and Recessive AllelesGenes, Cells, and Behavior Genetic MutationsGenes, Cells, and Behavior Mendel’s Principles Apply to Genetic Disorders Genes, Cells, and Behavior Mendel’s Principles Apply to Genetic DisordersGenes, Cells, and Behavior Chromosome AbnormalitiesGenes, Cells, and Behavior Genetic EngineeringSelective breedingCHAPTER What Are the Units of Nervous-System Function? 3What Are the Units of Nervous System Function? • Cells of the Nervous System • Internal Structure of a Cell • Genes, Cells, and BehaviorThe Cells of the Nervous System The human nervous system is comprised of two kinds of cells: – Neurons – GliaThe Cells of the Nervous System Debate in the early 1900s: What are neurons? • Golgi • CajalCells of the Nervous System Neurons: The Basis of Information Processing Three Basic Subdivisions • Dendrites • Cell Body or Soma • AxonCells of the Nervous System Neurons: The Basis of Information Processing • Dendritic Spines • Axon Hillock • Axon Collaterals • Teleodendria • Terminal button • SynapseCells of the Nervous System Neurons: The Basis of Information Processing Basic Structure and Function • Information Flow in a Neuron Dendrite Cell Body Axon End FootCells of the Nervous System Neurons: The Basis of Information Processing Different Types • Sensory Neurons • Interneurons • Motor NeuronsCells of the Nervous System Five Types of Glial CellsCells of the Nervous System Five Types of Glial Cells • Ependymal Cells – Hydrocephalus • Astrocyte • Microglia – Phagocytosis: • Oligodendroglia Cell – Myelin • Schwann Cell – Multiple Sclerosis (MS)The Cells of the Nervous SystemCells of the Nervous System Five Types of Glial Cells • Ependymal Cells – Hydrocephalus • Astrocyte • Microglia – Phagocytosis: • Oligodendroglia Cell – Myelin • Schwann Cell – Multiple Sclerosis (MS)The Cells of the Nervous SystemThe Cells of the Nervous SystemCells of the Nervous System Five Types of Glial Cells • Ependymal Cells – Hydrocephalus • Astrocyte • Microglia – Phagocytosis: • Oligodendroglia Cell – Myelin • Schwann Cell – Multiple Sclerosis (MS)Cells of the Nervous System Five Types of Glial CellsMultiple sclerosisInternal Structure of a Cell The Cell As a FactoryInternal Structure of a Cell The Cell As a FactoryInternal Structure of a Cell The Nucleus: Site of Gene Transcription • The Nucleus – ChromosomeGene • protein – Transcription • messenger RNAInternal Structure of a Cell The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Site of RNA Synthesis • The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – Ribosomes – TranslationInternal Structure of a Cell The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Site of RNA Synthesis Codon Information flow contained in genetic code:Internal Structure of a Cell Proteins: The Cell’s Product • Amino acids – peptide bond – Polypeptide chain • EnzymesInternal Structure of a Cell Golgi Bodies and Microtubules: Protein Packaging and Shipment • Golgi Bodies • MicrotubulesInternal Structure of a Cell Crossing the Cell Membrane: Channels, Gates, and Pumps • Channel • Gate • PumpGenes, Cells, and Behavior • Emergence – Cell function: – Behavior: • Genomics Genes Proteins Cells BehaviorGenes, Cells, and Behavior Chromosomes and Genes • Human somatic cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes – Autosomes: Pairs 1-22 – Sex chromosomes: Pair 23Genes, Cells, and Behavior Chromosomes and Genes • Allele • Homozygous • HeterozygousGenes, Cells, and Behavior Chromosomes and Genes • Wildtype • MutationGenes, Cells, and Behavior Genotype and Phenotype • Genotype • PhenotypeGenes, Cells, and Behavior Dominant and Recessive Alleles • Dominant Allele • Recessive AlleleGenes, Cells, and Behavior Dominant and Recessive Alleles • Complete Dominance • Incomplete Dominance • CodominanceGenes, Cells, and Behavior Genetic Mutations • Genetic Mutations – Can have positive effects, neutral effects, or negative effects – Effects may be specific or wide spread – Most mutations have negative effectsGenes, Cells, and Behavior Mendel’s Principles Apply to Genetic Disorders • Tay-Sachs DiseaseGenes, Cells, and Behavior Mendel’s Principles Apply to Genetic Disorders • Huntington’s ChoreaGenes, Cells, and Behavior Chromosome Abnormalities • Down SyndromeGenes, Cells, and Behavior Genetic Engineering • Adding or removing genes from a genome, or modification of a geneSelective