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UT Arlington PSYC 3322 - Ch. 2a B&B

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Slide 12-1 Overview of brain function and structure2-1 Overview of brain function and structure2-1 Overview of brain function and structure2-1 Overview of brain function and structure2-1 Overview of brain function and structureSlide 72-1 Overview of brain function and structure2-1 Overview of brain function and structure2-1 Overview of brain function and structure2-1 Overview of brain function and structureSlide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 152-1 Overview of brain function and structureSlide 17Slide 182-1 Overview of brain function and structureSlide 202-1 Overview of brain function and structure2-1 Overview of brain function and structure2-2 Evolutionary development of the nervous systemSlide 242-1 Overview of brain function and structure2-2 Evolutionary development of the nervous system2-2 Evolutionary development of the nervous systemSlide 282-2 Evolutionary development of the nervous system2-2 Evolutionary development of the nervous system2-2 Evolutionary development of the nervous systemSlide 322-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behavior2-3 Central nervous system: Mediating behaviorQuestions?Chapter 2:How Does the Nervous System Function?2-1 Overview of brain function and structure•The brain’s primary function is to produce behavior or movement–Brain must get information from the environment–Perception (Subjective reality)•Brain interprets vibrating molecules of air as sound•Color vision–Adaptability•Evolution equips each species with what it needs to survive2-1 Overview of brain function and structure•Plastic patterns of neural organization–Brain has the ability to adapt, and connections are constantly changing in response to experience–Neuroplasticity•Physical and chemical changes in the nervous system in response to the environment and to compensate for injury–Phenotypic plasticity•Capacity to develop into more than one phenotype2-1 Overview of brain function and structure•Phenotypic plasticity–Clone mice–Mothers fed different diets2-1 Overview of brain function and structure•Development of language–Important aspect of human learning and brain plasticity•Areas can increase in size as new learning takes place–Could explain difference in brain size between humans and chimpanzees–Our ability to talk to others and ourselves has changed the nature of our mental life2-1 Overview of brain function and structure•Functional organization of the nervous system–Central nervous system•Brain and spinal cord–Peripheral nervous system•Outside of the brain and spinal cord–Somatic •Sensations from skin, muscles, joints•motor commands–Autonomic•Balance the body’s internal organs•Sympathetic (“fight or flight”) and parasympathetic (“rest and digest”)Anatomicalorganization Functionalorganization2-1 Overview of brain function and structure•Direction of information–Afferent•Entering CNS•(sensory information)–Efferent•Leaving CNS•(motor commands)2-1 Overview of brain function and structure•Surface features of the brain–Meninges•Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater•Protective covering of the brain•Cerebrospinal fluid flows between arachnoid and pia mater–Sodium chloride and other salts2-1 Overview of brain function and structure•Surface features of the brain–Meningitis•Microorganisms invade meninges and cause a variety of infections•Symptoms–Severe headache, stiff neck, head retraction–Encephalitis•Infection of the brain itself•Many different forms•Some Damage substantia nigra–Tremors, muscle rigidity, controlling motor movement2-1 Overview of brain function and structure•Directional termsExamples:Medial temporal lobeDorsolateral prefrontal cortex2-1 Overview of brain function and structure•Surface features of the brain–Cerebral cortex•4 lobes–Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital•Gyri, sulci•Fissures–Longitudinal: separates hemispheres–Lateral: separates frontal and temporal2-1 Overview of brain function and structure•Surface features of the brain–Circulation•Brain surface covered in blood vessels•Blood vessels wrap around outside of the brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum, and finally pierce the brain’s surface to nourish inner regions•3 major arteries–Anterior–Middle–Posterior•Supply different areas of the brain, stroke affects different areas2-1 Overview of brain function and structure•Stroke–Over ½ million stroke victims each year in the U.S.–Ischemic vs hemorrhagic •T-PA breaks up blood clotshttp://www.ted.com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight2-1 Overview of brain function and structure•Features of the brain–Gray matter•Cell bodies, dendrites, capillary blood vessels–White matter•Axons, myelin–Corpus Callosum2-2 Evolutionary development of the nervous system•Glial cells–Aid and modulate neurons’ activities–Myelin: insulate neurons•White matter2-1 Overview of brain function and structure•Cortex–Cerebral, cerebellar–Cerebral cortex above corpus callosum2-2 Evolutionary development of the nervous system•4 Ventricles–Right and left lateral ventricles, 3rd and 4th ventricles–Cerebrospinal fluid•Cushion brain and spinal cord •May be important for maintaining metabolism and excreting brain waste2-2 Evolutionary development of the nervous system•Axon–Fiber connecting neurons–Groups•Tract in CNS•Nerve outside CNShttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHxyP-nUhUYbrain2-2 Evolutionary development of the nervous system•Evolutionary development –Embryo nervous systems similar across species at early stages–Simpler forms have been added to, rather than discarded–All anatomical and functional features of simpler nervous systems are present in the most complex nervous systems2-2 Evolutionary development of the nervous system•Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain–Adult brain in fish, amphibians, reptiles•Mammalian brain a little more complex–Forebrain develops further to form telencephalon and diencephalon2-2 Evolutionary development of the nervous system•Invertebrates and intelligent behavior–Common octopus •Learning by observation2-3 Central nervous system:


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UT Arlington PSYC 3322 - Ch. 2a B&B

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