Brain and BehaviorBrain and BehaviorBrain and BehaviorSlide 41-1 Neuroscience in the twenty-first century1-1 Neuroscience in the twenty-first century1-1 Neuroscience in the twenty-first century1-1 Neuroscience in the twenty-first centurySlide 91-2 Perspectives on brain and behavior1-2 Perspectives on brain and behavior1-2 Perspectives on brain and behavior1-2 Perspectives on brain and behavior1-2 Perspectives on brain and behavior1-2 Perspectives on brain and behavior1-3 Evolution of brains and behavior1-3 Evolution of brains and behaviorSlide 181-3 Evolution of brains and behavior1-3 Evolution of brains and behavior1-4 Evolution of the human brain and behaviorSlide 221-4 Evolution of the human brain and behaviorSlide 24Slide 251-4 Evolution of the human brain and behavior1-4 Evolution of the human brain and behaviorSlide 28Slide 291-4 Evolution of the human brain and behavior1-4 Evolution of the human brain and behavior1-4 Evolution of the human brain and behaviorSlide 331-4 Evolution of the human brain and behavior1-4 Evolution of the human brain and behaviorSlide 36Slide 371-5 Modern human brain size and intelligence1-5 Modern human brain size and intelligence1-5 Modern human brain size and intelligenceQuestions?Brain and Behavior•James Schaeffer–email: [email protected]–Office hours: Monday 3:00-4:00 pm, or by appointment; LS 513•Book–An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 4th edition, by Kolb and WhishawBrain and Behavior•Class structure–3 exams (two during regular class, and one final)•Each covering about 5 chapters–Chapters outlined in the syllabus•We will discuss some topics in 6 and 7 during lectureBrain and Behavior•Tutor–Allyson Arana•Tutoring on Mondays, 9:00am-12:00pm in LS 318•Office: LS 411; email: [email protected] 1:What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior?1-1 Neuroscience in the twenty-first century•Why study brain and behavior?–How the brain produces behavior is a major unanswered question•can be very complex; such as economic and social systems, philosophical questions about consciousness–The brain is the most complex living organ on Earth and is found in many different groups of animals•Understand its place in the biological order of our planet–A growing list of behavioral disorders can be explained and cured by understanding the brain•More than 2000 disorders may be related in some way1-1 Neuroscience in the twenty-first century•What is the brain?–Cerebrum•Responsible for most of our conscious behaviors –Brain stem•Responsible for most of our unconscious behaviors–Cerebellum•Responsible for learning and coordinating skilled movements1-1 Neuroscience in the twenty-first century•Gross anatomy of the nervous system–Neurons•cells communicate–Central nervous system•Brain and spinal cord•Core of nervous system–Peripheral nervous system•All neurons outside the brain and spinal cord1-1 Neuroscience in the twenty-first century•What is behavior?–“behavior consists of patterns in time”•Movements, vocalizations, changes in appearance, thinking, etc. –Heredity vs. learning•Most behaviors are probably a mix•Crossbill•Roof rat•Emotional expressions are inherited behaviors in humans1-2 Perspectives on brain and behavior•Aristotle and mentalism–Mind (or soul or psyche) is responsible for behavior–Brian had no role in controlling behavior•Aristotle thought it cooled the blood–Nonmaterial psyche was responsible for controlling behavior•Independent of the body1-2 Perspectives on brain and behavior•Descartes and dualism–Mind and brain are separate, but the mind sends and receives information through the brain–Mind resides in the pineal gland and directs fluid in ventricles–Mind-body problem1-2 Perspectives on brain and behavior•Darwin and materialism–Behavior can be fully explained by the workings of the nervous system•No need to refer to an immaterial mind•Materialism supported by evolutionary theory–Most scientists are materialists•Evolution–Characteristics common to many species suggest we are all related1-2 Perspectives on brain and behavior•Darwin and materialism–Natural selection•Traits passed down from parents to offspring•Survival of the fittest–Phenotype•Characteristics that we can see and measure•Vary between individuals of same species–Epigenetics•Interplay between genes and the environment•Environment influences gene expression1-2 Perspectives on brain and behavior•Implications of materialism–Because all animal species must be related, so too must be their brains–Because all animal species must be related, so too must be their behavior–Both the brain and behavior in complex animals such as humans evolved from the brain and behavior of simpler animals but also depend on learning1-2 Perspectives on brain and behavior•Contemporary Perspectives on brain and behavior–Minimally conscious state–Deep brain stimulation improved behavioral abilities–Science and religion1-3 Evolution of brains and behavior•Origin of brain cells and brains–Earth •4.5 billion years ago–First life forms•3.5 billion years ago–First brain cells•700 million years ago–Humanlike brain•6 million years ago–Modern human brain•200,000 years ago–Large complex brains are a very recent evolutionary development1-3 Evolution of brains and behavior•Evolution of animals having nervous systems–Neurons and muscles•First evolved in animals, allowed movement–Nerve net•Has no structure like a brain or spinal cord (jellyfish)–Bilateral symmetry•Nervous system on one side mirrors the other (flatworms)–Segmentation•Similar repeating segments (earthworms)–Ganglia•Clusters of neurons like primitive brains (octopus)–Spinal cord•Single nervous system pathway connecting brain with sensory receptors and muscles•Chordates (phylum): animals that have both a brain and spinal cord–Brain•Encephalization: ganglia found in the head (frog)1-3 Evolution of brains and behavior•Chordate nervous system–Chordates: animals that have both a brain and spinal cord–Wide variation exists–Basic pattern of structure•Bilateral symmetry•Segmentation•Brian and spinal cord incased in cartilage or bone1-3 Evolution of brains and behavior•Evolution of cerebrum and cerebellum–Related to evolution of more complex behavior1-4 Evolution of the human brain and behavior•Humans: Members of the