ted.com video (the neuron that shaped…)Chapter 2Brain and spinal cord (CNS)Neurons and nerve processes outside CNS (PNS) Sensory Neurons Motor Neurons Sensory & Motor connections to internal body organsNeural Information Flow is important Sensory (incoming) Motor (outgoing)Anatomical divisions of the Nervous System (chart) Brain produces behavior (main purpose) Brain creates the sensory reality (receives and integrates it then creates something about it) Brain has ability to adapt fast Learning is 1/4 of the process 3 part Nervous System Central- Brain & spinal cord Somatic- transmits sensation, produces movement Autonomic- Balances internal organsFinding your way around the brain Dorsal: atop within the brain Medial: brains midline towards the sides are Laterals Anterior: is in front. Posterior: is at the back Ventral: toward the bottom of the brain Horizontal Plane Sagittal Plane Coronal PlaneThe Brains Surface Features Meninges: 3 layers of protective tissue Dura mater: (hard mother) Arachnoid layer: (spider-webbie) Pia mater: (soft mother, still tough) Then cerebrum spinal fluid (helps brain from Injury) CNS is also protected by the 3 layers Cerebrospinal Fluis (CSF) MeningitisCerebral Cortex 4 LobesSurface Features Cerebrum: Cerebellum: latin for little brain (sensory)Cerebral Cortex Brains thin outer “bark” layer -Frontal View Bumps in the brain’s folded surface are: Gyri and cracks are sulci *Cell Body (know this)Surface Features of the Brain: Gyrus (gyri) Sulcus Fissure:Brainstem Important for life sustainabilityImportant for life sustainability Brain is highly vascularize Fourth Ventricles: 2 lateral (left & right) Third Ventricle Fourth VentricleInternal Features White Matter( made of axons & fibers Gray Matter (cell body Corpus callosum Lateral Sulcus Temporal lobe (organ layer) third ventricle & 4th Brainstem cerebellum cortex Lateral ventriclesMicroscopic Inspection: Cells & Fibers 2 main type of cells Neurons Glial cells Neurons [Cell Body, axon, end terminals ] Nucleus (nuclei) Nerve TractEvolutionary History & Developmental history are close together Development of vertebrate— mammalian Embryo — Fully developed human brain Nervous system starts as a tube No single area of the brain is responsible for the human behavior human brain retains features 3 major components Spinal Cord: Controls most body movements can act independently of the brain Spinal reflex: Automatic movement hard to prevent (brain cannot inhibit) ex: knee-jerk reflex Brainstem Begins where the spinal cord enters the skull produces movement and creates a sensory world 3 Regions Hindbrain: Evolutionary the oldest part of the brain Contains: Cerebellum, reticular formation, pons, medulla Midbrain: Tectum: Roof of the midbrain, visual and auditioning & movements towards sound. Inferior & superior colliculus. Tegmentum: floor of the midbrain important in perceptions of pain. Substantia nigra & Diencephalon: Hypothalamus (small area that has conveys messages to the pituitary gland about release of hormones stress hormones etc.) & thalamus: (region in the center of the brain (organ) immigrating sensory functions Forebrain NeocortexNeocortex Basal Ganglia: group of nuclei (3 structures) caudate, putamen, & globus) disorders, controls coordination & patterns Limbic System: regulating emotions & behaviors with memory (group of structures) amygdala- emotional memory fear related memory, hippocampus-long term memory storage and recollection, & cingulate cortex. -- The Cortex Neocortex ("new bark") Limbic cortex Cortical Layers Cytoarchitectonic Map (6 layers that create our perceptual world)— Motor Cortex & Sensory Cortex