BIOL 1108 Edition 1nd Lecture 25 Outline of Last Lecture I Learning Objectives II In The News III Ecosystem IV Thermodynamics V Productivity VI Energy Transfer VII Biogeochemical Cycles Outline of Current Lecture I Learning Objectives II In The News III Levels of Biodiversity IV Conservation at the Population Level V Conservation at the Landscape Level VI Human Impacts on the Earth Current Lecture I Learning Objectives Describe threats to biodiversity including human impacts Apply principles of biology to conservation and sustainable development practices These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II III IV V In the News Why is it that the people of Tibet are able to survive at very high altitudes Levels of Biodiversity Goals of conservation conserve diversity and ecosystem services sustainable development Field need to be integrated and accomplish goals include ecology genetics and economics o Mix of life and social sciences to convince people o Stakeholders governments citizens non government organizations Genetic Diversity in a vole population o Within and between population o Adaptations to local conditions Species Diversity o Interaction between species Community and Ecosystem Diversity o Food chains energy flows and nutrient distributions Endangered species organisms in danger of extinction throughout all or a portion of its range Threatened species likely to become endangered 4 Biggest Threats to Biodiversity o Habitat Loss 73 extinct endangered rare vulnerable species are due to this o Introduced species 40 of extinctions since 1750 o Overharvesting o Global change Climate change Global warming Affected by CO2 Conservation at the Population Level Population size Genetic diversity Critical habitat Small populations o Concern genetic diversity Declining population o Concern environmental factors biotic abiotic Conservation at the Landscape Level Natural Gradual Edges o Transition from forests to grasslands o Interior species open habitat species VI VII o Connectivity corridors between hatches affect dispersal and optimal foraging Hard intermediate Edges o Created by human activity o Reduce corridors Biodiversity hot spots commonly located near the equator SLOSS Single Large Or Several Small Reserves o Controversy about which one is more beneficial Single Large have better genetic diversity and more resources Several Small limited resources diversity depends on corridors and geographical barriers Human Impacts on the Earth 1 Nutrient Enrichment a Fertilizer in the field i Extra nutrients like nitrogen 2 Toxins a DDT i Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring in 1960 s 3 Greenhouse Gases a Global warming 4 Depletion of Ozone O3 a Allow more radiation to enter Earth s atmosphere Everglades Ecosystem Water flow o Redirecting water flow to agriculture and cities o Limits water to Everglades Water and Nutrient Cycling o Shifting from ridge to slough has an effect on the type of organisms that live in that area o Although this is usually a natural process human use has made it worse o Phosphorous pollution has altered many communities Effect of Global Climate Change o Experts expect water levels to rise by 1 m and the bottom portion of the Everglades to disappear o The wildlife would either go extinct or forced to move inward if the plant life adapts to the water change
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