BIOL 3427 Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 14-17Lecture 14 (October 23rd)What are some characteristics of prokaryotes?They are the most abundant organisms worldwide. The are metabolically diverse and have a rapid rate of cell division. Some prokaryotes can live in extreme cold and heat, darkness or anaerobic environments.What is an example of sexual reproduction used in prokaryotes?ConjugationHow do prokaryotes obtain their food? Some are autotrophs and can obtain their energy from the sunlight through photosynthetic or chemosynthetic means. Some are heterotrophs which is an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances. Most heterotrophs are saprotrophs which decompose and break down organic soils. What are psychobilins and the various components of psychobilins?Psychobilins are accessory photosynthetic pigments with various components including chlorophyll a and carotenoids. What type of prokaryote uses photosynthetic pigments?Cyanobacteria aka blue green algae uses psychobilins (ie carotenoids/chlorophyll a)How do blue and green algae obtain their energy?They obtain their energy by using sulfur and other compounds instead of water as their electrondonor.Where does the color or pigmentation of the blue and green algae come from?It comes from the photosynthetic accessory pigments.What are some pathogenic effects of blue and green algae?They can cause blight, soft rots or wilts in plants. Extreme halophiles can thrive in what types of environments?Extreme halophiles thrive well in salty environments and they are chemorganotrophs that require oxygen. What are methanogens?Methanogens produce methane gas as their main natural gas source and they are anaerobic.They can be found in sewage treatment, bogs, or in the ocean depths.Where can extreme thermophiles usually be found?Extreme thermophiles can usually be found in hot, sulfur rich environments (80 C) in deep sea hydrothermal vents in geysers or hot springs. They also metabolize sulfur and are anaerobic. What are some characteristics of viruses?Viruses are not cells and have no metabolism of their own. Their genome is primarily either DNA or RNA that replicated within a host cell.Plant viruses are carried in primarily what type of genome and in what type of insects? Plant viruses are carried by insects including aphids, leaf hoppers, and white flies that cause greater than 2000 plant diseases and most plant viruses are RNA viruses. What are some general characteristics of fungi?They are eukaryotic, heterotrophic and they absorb food. They can be unicellular or multicellular and have a cell wall made of chitin.What is the ecological importance of fungi?Through decomposition, they can release carbon dioxide.What is the importance of fungi in relation to pathogens?There are some types of fungi that are disease-causing. They are located in the tropics and rising in people with suppressed immune system such as pneumonia, trush and crytocccosis.What is the importance of fungi in relation to medicine?The first antiobitic which was penicillin was made by fungus. An additional medicine such as cyclosporine suppresses the immune reaction causing rejection or organ transplants.What is the economic importance of fungi?They are some fungi that are agricultural pests and are the most important causal agent of plantdisease with 5,000 fungal spp. In addition, yeasts, which undergoes alcoholic fermentation in baking uses mostly Saccharomyces spp. There are various fungi that make cheese (penicillin spp) and soy pasta and sake (Asperigus spp). What are endophytes?They are fungi that live inside and protect plants against pathogenic fungi and herbivores. They also produce toxic secondary metabolites.What is the general structure of fungus?Most fungi are composed of hyphae which are fungal filaments of cells and mycelium. Most species also have hyphae divided by septa. The septate with cross walls that often have pores. Otherwise, a septate or ceonocytic multinucleate.How to fungi obtain their energy?They are heterotrophic absorbers consisting of saprotrophs, parasites, and mutualistic symbionts. Some fungi are fermenters consisting of yeasts and alcohol fermentation. Lecture 15 (October 28rd)What are examples of phytoplankton?Photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteriaWhat are examples of zooplankton?tiny crustaceans, larvae, heterotrophic protists, bacteriaWhat is the agricultural use of seaweed farms?They are used as food for kelp, seaweed or sea lettuce. The cegar from red algae cell walls are used as pill capsules culture medium in jelly desserts. Carragean ( a red algal polysaccharide) stabilizes emultions in paint cosmetics, dairy products.What are “blooms” caused by?Ecosystem distruption. For example, it can be caused by rising surface temperatures, increase in nutrients, increased salinity, and calm seas. In addition, the Dinoflagellate phytoplankton population increases. Some release toxins and kill mammal life.How are euglenoids arranged?They are arranged helically as proteanacious strips beneath cell membranes.How do cryptomonads arise?They arise from the fusion of two different eukaryotic cells.What is the cell wall of Haptophytes made up of?Scales of organic material or calcified organic material.What are some characteristics of dinoflagellates?They participate in bioluminescence to prevent being eaten. What are examples of Stamenophiles that are closely related to each other?Diatoms, Golden Algae, and Brown Algae.How many flagella do the crysophyta have?They have none or two flagella.What kind of pigments do the Phylum Phaeophyta: Brown Algae have?Abundant fucoxanthin(gold) pigmentsWhat are some characteristics of phylum chlorophyta?They have Chlorophyll B and chlorophyll a. They store starch in plastids. Some have similar cell wall. Some reproductive cells resemble plant sperm.How many flagella does chlorophycae have?It can have either 2, 4 or many flagella.How did phylum charophycae originate?Its ancestor gave rise to land plantsExtreme thermophiles can be found in what types of environments?They thrive in temperatures above 80C and they are found in geysers, hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents.Lecture 16 (November 4)What are smuts?Smuts have a smooty appearance of masses and spores. They attack approximately 4,000 species of plants.What are the three different forms of fungi?Crustose, Foliose, and Fruticose. Crustose has a flattened, crusty appearance. Foliose has a leaflike appearance,