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UT Arlington BIOL BIOL 3427 - Hierarchical Classification
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BIOL 3427 1st Edition Lecture 10Current LectureI. Variationi. In nature, heritable variation among organismsII. Natural selectiona. Some organisms leave more surviving progeny than others due to heritable variationb. Mechanism for evolutionIII. Adaptationa. A structure/physiology/behavior that suits an organism to its environmentIV. Species concepta. Biological species concepti. Species: Natural population members that can interbreedii. Difficult to apply to actual data in natureb. Morphological species concepti. Species defined by distinct morphologiesc. Phylogenetic species concepti. Based on reconstructing the evolutionary history of populations and their characteristicsii. Speciation in plants1. Allopatrica. Geographic segregation of plantsd. Sympatric Speciationi. No geographic isolationii. Polyploidy: more than two sets of chromosomes due to nondisjunctioniii. During meiosis/mitosis or no cytokinesis1. Autopolyploidy: within an individual2. Allopolyploidy: a sterile hybrid becomes autopolyploidye. Speciation in plantsi. Role of asexual reproduction1. Sterile hybrids can reproduce asexually (vegetative propogation)2. Others can produce seeds asexually though apomixesf. Chap. 12 Systematics: Study of biological diversity and evolutionary historyi. Taxonomy: Identification, naming, and classification of speciesg. Hierarchical classificationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. International code of botanical nomenclatureii. Binomial Nomenclature (from Carl Lineaus)1. Genus species2. Subspecies or varietyh. Herbaria: where dried plant specimens are stored for referencei. Type specimenV. Botanical Research Institute of Texasa. Hierarchical classificationi. Kingdom phylum, class, order family, genus species1. Group within any level of categorization called a taxon2. All plant orders end in -ales3. All plant families end in aceaeii. Outward similarities1. Traditional classification based on opinion, not detailed enoughiii. Phylogenetic analysis (cladistics)1. Based on evolutionary relationships and analysis of primitive and advanced features2. Molecular systematics allows genetic comparison of organisms3. Provides more characteristics for phylogenetic analysisVI. Current classificationa. Three domains of lifei. Bacteriaii. Eukaryaiii. Archaeb. Eukaryai. Fungiii. Protista iii. Plantaeiv. AnimaliaVII. Kingdom fungia. Unicellular and filamentous multicellularb. Lack plastids and photosynthesisc. Absorb nutrients from living or dead organismsd. Chitin cell wallse. Usually asexual and sexual reproductionf. Relationships with plantsi. Pathogensii. Mycorrhizaeiii. Lichens (Fungus and green algae/cyanobacteria)VIII. Kingdom Animaliaa. Multicellular often motileb. No cell walls, or plastidsc. Most use ingestion to obtain energyd. Usually sexual reproductione. Relationships with plantsi. Extensive human useii. Herbivoresiii. Use for housing protectionIX. Kingdom Protistaa. Unicellular colonial simple multicellularb. Protazoa; algae water molds, slime moldsc. Autotrophs, heterotrophs, myxotrophsd. Reproduction by cell division and sexual reproductionX. Kingdom Plantaea. Ancestors: specialized green algaeb. Multicellularc. Nutrition through photosynthesisi. A few heterotrophsd. Primarily sexual reproduction (Alternation of generations)XI. Life Cycles and Diploidya. Types of meiosisi. Zygotic: zygote is the only 2n condition; organism usually nii. Fungi; some algaeiii. Gametic: organism usually 2n only gametes niv. Animals; some protists, some algaev. Sporic: Meiosis produces n sporesvi. Multicellular 2n and n conditionsvii. Alternation of generationsviii. Plants some algaeXII. Alternation of generationsa. Gametophytei. N; produces gametesii. Haploidb. Sporophytei. 2n produces sporesii. Diploidc. Isomorphic versus heteromorphicd. Isomorphic: same shapei. Will look the same and cannot tell them aparte. Heteromorphici. Look very different and can tell them apart very


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