BIOl 3427 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture II. Relationships of the angiospermsIII. Origin and diversification of the AngiospermsIV. Evolution of the flowerV. Evolution of the fruitsVI. Biochemical EvolutionEvolution of the AngiospermsI. In fossil record early in Cretaceous (at least 130 million years ago)i. Ancestral to the gymnospermsii. Dominated global vegetation by 90 million years agoiii. Modern families and genera by 75 million years agoII. Origin and diversification of Angiospermsa. Flowersb. Closed carpelsc. Double fertilization Endosperm formationd. 3 nucleate micro gametophytee. 8 nucleate micro gametophytef. Stemens-2 pairs of pollen sacsg. Phloem-Sieve tubes and companion cellsVII. Derived from single common ancestora. Seed plantb. Lacked flowers, closed carpels, and fruitsc. Pollen with single apertured. 3 % of angiosperms are not monocots or eudicotse. Magnoliidsi. Magnolias, laureli, pepper, pipeune, spicebushii. Leaves contain oil cells gives rise to spicesiii. Air pockets in stem helps them stay upf. Diaciousi. 2 plantsii. Sexes are separateiii. A female is on one plant and a male is on the otherVIII. First Angiosperm fossila. ArchaefructusThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. 125 million years agoc. Seeds enclosed in carpels/fruitsd. Stood in shallow watere. No sepals or pedalsIX. Evolutiona. Perianthi. Did not have distinct sepals or pedalsii. Pedalsa. Modified leaves (sepals) specialized for attracting pollinatorsb. Pedal fusion to form tubec. Stamens and sepals fuse tooiii. Stamensa. Diverseb. Woody magnolias; broad, colorful, and scentedc. Other flowers: fleshyd. Flowers today: Filamentous, stamensa. Used to be thick and broade. Fuse togetherf. Lost fertile functioniv. Nectariesa. Gland that secretes nectarb. Gives food to the pollinatorX. Carpels of Early Angiospermsa. No specialized stigma b. Not fusedc. More ovules than contemporary familyXI. Four evolutionary trendsa. Had few too many partsb. Indefinitec. In ancient plants, floral parts were spirally arrangedi. Shortened over time; often fusedii. Went from superior (exposed) to inferior due to insects and pollinator relationshipsd. Differentiation in Perianthe. More radical symmetry versus bilateralXII. Specialized familiesa. Asteraceae (sunflower plants)i. Composed of small plantsii. Eudicotsiii. Have 22,000 speciesiv. Small epignous flowersv. Inferior ovariesvi. 5 stamens fuse to each othervii. 5 pedals fuse to each otherviii. Structural modification; pappusa. Seed dispersal through windb. Sepals absent or pappusXIII. Composite flowersa. Arrangement of a bunch of different flowersXIV.Flower typesa. Diski. Towards center, smaller, less showy rayb. Orchidaccaei. Monocotsa. Flower parts in three`sii. 24,000 speciesiii. 140 sppiv. Fused together with inferior ovaryv. One stamen fused with style and stigmavi. Bilaterally symmetricala. Accommodate shape of insect pollinatorsvii. Huge range of sizeviii. Some saprophytic  feeds on organic materials in soilix. Grow along rootsa. Breakdown of organic materialXV. Clonea. Take undifferentiated tissue and clone thatXVI. Flowers a. Evolve the way they have because of pollinatorsb. Early seed plantsi. Wind pollinated by chanceii. Animal pollinated (more successful)c. Closed carpeli. Ovule attackedii. Ovule not exposedd. Bisexual flowersi. Male and female parts in the same flowerii. Evolved to promote consistency to suit needs of pollinatorsXVII. Insectsa. Beesi. Core pollinatorsa. Flowers usually blue, yellow with showy pedalsb. Drink nectarc. Collect pollen to bring back to hiveb. Butterflies and diurnali. Have landing platformii. Active during the dayiii. Getting Nectarc. Bird and bat pollinatorsi. Have a poor sense of smella. Red, attracted, odorless, lots of nectarii. Batsa. Nocturnala. Attracted to dull colored flower, whiteb. It is open at nightc. Strong fruit like odor or musty scentd. Wind-pollinated grass, oaks, birchesi. No Nectar, dull no scentii. Pedals small or absentiii. Large anthersiv. Feathery stigmav.