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UT Arlington BIOL BIOL 3427 - Algae and Heterotrophic protists
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BIOL 3427 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Current Lecture II. ProkaryotesIII. VirusesIV. FungiV. Symbiotic relationshipsCurrent LectureI. Kingdom Protista: What do we already know about protists?a. Eukaryotesb. May be unicellular, colonial, simple multicellular inorganicc. May be autotrophic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic + organic carbon sourcesd. Various forms of reproductione. Not easily assigned to other eukaryotic kingdomsII. Algae: Protistaa. Freshwater food chains1. Euglenoids, golden algae, yellow-green algaeb. Marine food chainsi. Haptophytes brown algae red algaec. Planktoni. Beginning of food chain in bodies of waterii. Phytoplankton: Photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteriaiii. Zooplankton: tiny crustaceans, larvae, heterotrophic protists, bacteriad. Grown to support shrimp, shellfish, etci. Marine phytoplanktone. Seaweed farms for human usei. Food: kelp, nori, sea lettuceii. Cegar (from red algae cell walls): pill capsules culture medium, jelly dessertsiii. Carragean ( a red algal polysaccharide) stabilizes emultions in paint cosmetics, dairy productsf. Biofuelsi. Fermentation of algal biomassethanolii. Extraction of oils from diatomsg. “blooms” result from ecosystem distruptioni. Rising surface temperatures, increase in nutrients, increased salinity, calmseasThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Dinoflagellate phytoplankton population increases1. Red tides and brown tidesiii. Some release toxins and kill mammal lifeh. Carbon cyclei. Photosynthesis1. CO2  sugarsii. Many photosynthetic1. Some phytoplankton also form calcium carbonate scalesiii. Some also take up dissolved organic compounds1. Organic compounds phagocytize food particles2. Mixotrophsa. Can use organic and inorganic carbon sourcesIII. Euglenoids: Phylum Euglenophytaa. Unicellularb. 1/3 genera contain chloroplastsc. Similar to green algae; indicates endosymbiosisd. Flagellatesi. No cell wallii. Helically arranged proteinaceous strips beneath plasma membranee. Mostly freshwater, some marineIV. Cryptomonads: Phylum Cryptophytaa. Unicellularb. Some are photosynthetici. Arose from fusion of two different eukaryotic cellsc. Flagellatesi. Some contain phycobilin pigments, otherwise only in cyanobacteria and red algaeii. No cell walliii. Have proteinacious plates under cell membraneiv. Marine and freshwaterV. Haptophytes: Phylum Haptophytaa. Unicellular or colonialb. Most photosyntheticc. Some flagellated, others nonmotiled. Cell walli. Scales of organic material or calcified organic materiale. Mostly marineVI. Dinoflagellates: Phylum Dinophytaa. Unicellularb. About half photosyntheticc. Biflagellatei. Flagella in grooves around bodyd. May have cellulose platesi. Inside cell membranee. Mostly marine, many freshwateri. Some symbiotic with reef forming corals1. Zooxanthelaeii. Some produce toxic compounds1. Red/brown tidesiii. Some bioluminescence to prevent being eatenVII. Photosynthetic Stramenophiles: Stremenopiles/Heterokontsa. “Different flagella”b. Diatoms, golden algae, brown algaei. Closely related to each other and oomycetesVIII. Diatoms: Class Bacillerophytaa. Unicellular or colonialb. Most photosyntheticc. Some have flagella (male gametes)d. Cell walli. Silica: two overlapping halvese. Marine and freshwaterIX. Chrysophyta: Phylum Chrysophytaa. Unicellular or colonialb. Most photosyntheticc. None or two flagellad. Some have cell wallse. Most freshwater, some marineX. Brown algae: Phylum Phaephytaa. Simple multicellulari. Thallus relatively undifferentiated vegatitive body, some more complex (kelp, rockweeds)b. Photosyntheticc. Cell walli. Abundant fucoxanthin pigmentsd. Almost all marinee. Alternation of generationsi. Sporic meiosis: multicellular diploid or haploid phasesii. Some have gametic meiosis insteadXI. Red Algae: Phylum Rhodophytaa. Multicellularb. Photosynthetici. Red algae: psychobilins mask chlorophyll aii. Chloroplasts very similar to cyanobacteriac. No flagellad. Cell walli. Some with cellulose-embedded in sulfated polygalacteus  agar and carrageenanii. Some with calcium carbonate (coralline algae)e. Mostly tropical, marine; some freshwaterf. Some have alternation of generationsi. Two multicellular sporophyte (2n) generationsXII. Green algae: Phylum Chlorophytaa. Unicellular, colonial, filaments, and other formsb. Photosyntheticc. None or two flagellad. Cell walle. Mostly aquaticf. Most closely related to plantsi. Chlorophyll B and chlorophyll aii. Store starch in plastidsiii. Some have similar cell walliv. Some reproductive cells resemble plant spermXIII. Three major groups distinguished bya. Cell divisionb. Reproductive cell structurec. Other molecular similarities XIV. Chlorophycaea. Multiple formsi. Unicellular, colonial, filamentous sheetsb. Some flagellatei. 2,4 , or manyc. Mostly freshwaterd. Unique form of cytokinesis-phycoplast and cleavage furrowse. Laboratory model systemsi. Chlamydomonas: genes regulating photosynthesisii. Volvox: evolution of multicellularityXV. Ulvophycaea. Multiple forms: filamentous sheets and macroscopicb. 2, 4, or many flagellac. Alternation of generations in marine speciesd. Mostly marineXVI. Charophycaea. Multiple forms-unicellular; colonial, filamentous sheetsb. Some flagellatec. Mostly freshwaterd. Most similar to plants: coleochaete and charai. Cytokinesis: protoplaste. Sperm similar to bryophytes phagmophstillf. Apical growth: thallus differentiated into nodes, internodesi. Extinct charophyte; ancestor gave rise to land plantsXVII. Heterotrophic protists: a. Oomycetes and slime moldsb. Once categorized as fungiXVIII. Oomycetes: Phylum Oomycotaa. Fungus like-stramenopilesb. Unicellular to highly branched, ceonoctyic, and filamentous formsi. Sexual reproduction1. Results in resistant oosporesii. Asexual reproduction1. Zoospores (flagellated)iii. Water molds1. Freshwater2. Saprotrophic and parasitic forms on fish or fish eggs3. Saprotrophic  breaking down dead stuffXIX. Terrestrial plant pathogensa. Plasmoparai. Viticolaii. Down mildew in grapesb. Phytophothorai. Pathogen of many crops1. Extensive damage toovacado, eucalyptus2. Sudden oak speciesc. Pythiumi. Late blight of potatoesii. Damping off speciesXX. Plasmodial slime moldsa. Phylum Myxomycotai. No cell wallsii. Plasmodium: creeping multinucleate mass of protoplasmiii. All nuclei divide synchronouslyb. Terrestriali. Not clearly related to any groupc.


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