Outline of Current LecturePlant CellsChapters 2 and 3 (and a tiny bit of 4)Current LectureChapter 2 Review of Organic Moleculesorganic moleculesfour major types in living organismscarbohydrateslipidsproteinsnucleic acidsCarbohydratessugarsmost hydrophilicfunction?MonosaccharidesDisaccharidesPolysaccharidesLipidsfats and fatlike substanceshydrophobicfunction?fats and oilstriglyceridesenergy storage in seeds and fruitstend to be unsaturated (double bonded Carbon in structure)phospholipidsbarriers to water losscutinsuberinwaxessteroids: Have four interconnected hydrocarbon ringscell membraneshormonesProteinspolymers of amino acidsfunction?protein structure influences functionenzymescatalysts- In chemical reactionsNucleic Acidschains of nucleotides – Phosphate group, 5C sugar, and nitrogenous baseDNA, RNAfunction?ATPmodified nucleotideSecondary Metabolitesprimary metabolitessecondary metabolitesalkaloidsmorphine: cough suppressant/pain relievercocaine: prevents fatigue/decreases hunger pangscaffeine: allelopathic stimulant. Ex: Coffee, tea, cocoanicotineterpenoids (largest class)isopreneessential oils: good herbivore dispensestaxol: Comes from Utreesrubbercardiac glycosidesphenolicsFlavonoidsTanninsLigninssalicylic acidOrganic Molecules SummaryCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acidsSecondary metabolitesThe Plant Cell and the Cell CycleChapter 3The Cellall cells containplasma membranegenetic materialprokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cellsThe Plant Cellcytoplasmcytoplasmic streaming or cyclosisplasma membranefunction?Transport in and out of chloroplastnucleusfunction?Controls ongoing cell activitieschromosomeshaploid (2n) in gametesdiploid (2n) in somatic cellsstructurethylakoidsStromaown DNA and ribosomesdouble membranedivide by fissionChloroplastsChromoplastsLeucoplastsProplastidsmitochondriaown DNA and ribosomesdouble membranedivide by fissionsites of cellular respirationremember endosymbiosis…vacuolesmembrane-bounded region filled with liquid (cell sap)`may be 90% cell volume in mature cellsfunctionHelps maintain tissue rigidityother parts of the cellendomembrane system-cytoskeletonperoxisomesribosomesoil bodiescytoskeletonflagella and ciliaflagella found in gametes of plants with motile spermMossescell wallMade of celluloseFramework interpenetrated by matrix of non-cellulosic materialsLignincutin, suberin, and waxessecondary wallsome cellsmore cellulose than in primarymiddle lamellapit-fields (primary ) and pits (secondary)plasmodesmatacytoplasmic strands connecting adjacent cellsThe cell cycleInterphaseMitosisCytokinesisFormation of phragmoplast and cell plateSummaryfour types of organic moleculescarbohydrateslipidsproteinsnucleic acidssecondary metabolitesplant cellsame components as animal cells (with some variations) plusplastidsvacuolecell wallSee Plant Cell Components Summary Table p. 72 (very detailed)BIOL 3427 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Current Lecture- Plant Cells- Chapters 2 and 3 (and a tiny bit of 4)Current LectureChapter 2Review of Organic Molecules• organic molecules• four major types in living organisms• carbohydrates• lipids• proteins• nucleic acidsCarbohydrates• sugars• most hydrophilic• function?• Monosaccharides• Glucose• Primary source of chemical energy• Ribose• 5C Sugar• Disaccharides• Sucrose: Glucose and fructose• Form of sugar transport from leaves and plant body• Polysaccharides• Starch1• Primary storage polysaccharides in plants, made of glucose• Amylose• Unbranched• Chain of glucose• Cellulose• Principal structural component of cell wall, made of glucose• Not digestible by plants, only microorganisms• Chitin• Principal component of fungal cell walls and exoskeleton of insects and crustaceansLipids• fats and fatlike substances• hydrophobic• function?• Energy storage• Triglycerides=3 Fatty acids + glycerol• Structural purposes• Phospholipids in cell membrane• fats and oils• triglycerides• energy storage in seeds and fruits• tend to be unsaturated (double bonded Carbon in structure)-liquid at room temperature-Examples include: Sunflower, peanut, and corn oil• phospholipids• Form phospholipid bilayer in cell membrane• Hydrophobic polar bonds outward• Hydrophilic nonpolar fatty acids tails inward• barriers to water loss• cutin2-Covers outer wall of epidermal cells in stems leaves• suberin-In walls of cork (outer bark) cells• waxes-Most water repellant; found in Carnarba Wax palm leaves• steroids: Have four interconnected hydrocarbon rings• cell membranes-Sterols stabilize phospholipid tails• hormones-Antheridiol in water mold-Brassins promote growth in certain stems-Estrogen?Proteins• polymers of amino acids• function?• Diverse functions• Storage forms of amino acids for embryo use in seeds• protein structure influences function• secondary structures are fibrous proteins that provide shape and support• Enzymes, membrane proteins, transport proteins, and structural proteins are tertiary globular structures• enzymes• catalysts- In chemical reactions-Lower energy of activation of Chemical reactions-Amylose (Starch) into glucose moleculesNucleic Acids• chains of nucleotides – Phosphate group, 5C sugar, and nitrogenous base• DNA, RNA• function?• Instructions, involvement in protein synthesis• ATP– modified nucleotide-ATP +H20  ADP3Secondary Metabolites• primary metabolites• Found in all plant cells , necessary for the life of the plant• secondary metabolites• Chemical signaling• Defense (Herbivores, pathogens, competitors)• Protect from radiation• Aid in pollen and seed dispersal• alkaloids– morphine: cough suppressant/pain reliever– cocaine: prevents fatigue/decreases hunger pangs– caffeine: allelopathic stimulant. Ex: Coffee, tea, cocoa– nicotine• terpenoids (largest class)– isoprene-Gas produced in the chloroplast-helps keep structure protected from heat damage– essential oils: good herbivore dispenses– taxol: Comes from Utrees-Shrinks ovary and breast tumor– rubber– cardiac glycosides-milk weed plant• phenolics• Universally present in all plants and all plant parts• Flavonoids-Pigments (plant) responsible for coloring pedals• Tannins-Oak,-Overall deterrence-Use of a form of acid to leather• Lignins-Found in cell wall plants-Allows plants to have greater size -Waterproofing• salicylic acid-Comes from willow trees4-Good pain reliever-Good chemical exfoliant to remove