BIOL 3427 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Current Lecture II. ProkaryotesIII. VirusesIV. FungiV. Symbiotic relationshipsCurrent LectureI. Prokaryotesa. More abundant organisms worldwideb. Metabolically diversec. Rapid rate of cell divisiond. Some can live in extreme cold or heat, darkness or anaerobic environmentsII. A form of sexual reproductiona. ConjugationIII. Metabolic diversitya. Autotrophsi. Photosynthetic or chemosyntheticb. Heterotrophsi. Most are saprotrophs (decomposers that break down organic soils)IV. Bacteriaa. Kingdoms/major lineagesb. Cyanobacteriai. Aka. Blue/Green Algae1. Chlorophyll a, carotenoids, psychobilins (accessory photosyntheticpigments)V. Biological cryptic soil crusta. Purple and green bacteriai. Colors from photosynthetic accessory pigmentsii. Very different photosynthesis1. Use sulfur and other compounds instead of water as the electron donoriii. Cause disease in plants1. Blight, softrots, wiltsVI. Three large groupsa. Extreme halophilesi. Salty environmentsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Chemorganotrophsiii. Require Oxygenb. Methanogensi. Sewage treatment, bags, ocean depthsii. Produce methane gas (main natural gas source)1. Anaerobicc. Extreme thermophilesi. Hot, sulfur rich environments (80 Degrees C)1. Deep sea hydrothermal vents2. Geysers, hot springsii. Metabolize sulfur1. AnaerobicVII. Virusesa. Not cells, have no metabolism of their ownb. Primarily a genome (DNA or RNA) that replicates within a hot cellc. Plant viruses carried by insectsi. Aphids, leafhoppers, white flies cause greater than 2000 plant diseasesd. Most plant viruses are RNA virusese. Move through plantVIII. Fungi (Chapter 14)a. Eukaryoticb. Heterotrophic absorb foodc. Unicellular or multicellulard. Cell wall of chitine. Ecologicali. Decomposition: release carbon dioxidef. Medicali. Disease causing1. In tropicsa. Rising in people with suppressed immune system (Pneumonia, trush, Crytococcosis)ii. Medicines1. Penicillin: 1st antibiotic2. Cyclosporine: suppresses immune reaction causing rejection of organ transplantsiii. Economic1. Agricultural pestsa. Most important causal agent of plant disease (5000 fungal species)2. Yeastsa. Alcohol fermentation, baking (mostly saccharomyces spp)3. Other fungia. Cheese making (penicillin spp)b. Soy paste and sake (asparagus spp)iv. Symbiotic relationships1. Mycorrhizae2. Lichens: organization of fungus3. Endophytesa. Fungi that live inside and protect plants against pathogenicfungib. Herbivoresi. Produce toxin secondary metabolitesIX. Fungia. Most composed of hyphaeb. Hyphaei. Fungal filaments of cellsii. Myceliumiii. Most species have hyphae divided by septa1. Septatea. With cross walls that often have pores2. Otherwise: a septate or ceonocytica. Multinucleate3. Very high surface to volume ratio4. Heterotrophic absorbersa. Caprotrophsb. Parasitesc. Mutualistic symbionts5. Some fungi are fermentersa. Yeasts, Alcohol fermentation6. Unique variations of mitosis and meiosisa. No disintegration of nuclear envelopeb. No centrioles; have spindle pole bodies7. Reproduce both asexually and sexuallya. Asexually: commonly by spores and also by fragmentation of hyphaeb. Sexually: protoplasts fuse: nuclei fuse than meiosis occursX. Fungia. Microsporidiab. Chytridsc. Zygomycetesd. Glumeromycotae. Ascomycotaf. BasidiomycotaXI. Microsporidiaa. Previously protozoab. Spore forming unicellular parasitesc. Mode of parasitismi. Polar tube shoots from spores into host cellii. Contents injected, microsporidiand. Reproductioni. Asexual and sexuale. Hostsi. Insects, fish, crustaceans, few vertXII. Chytridsa. Previously considered protistsb. Predominantly aquaticc. Varied in form, sexual interactions, life histonesd. Characteristic motile cellsi. Single flagellum: zoospores, gametesii. Can be parasites or pathogens of plantsXIII. Zygometesa. Most are saprotrophs, some parasites or symbioticb. Most ceonocyticc. Asexual reproduction via haploid sporesd. Example:i. Rhizopus stoloniferXIV. Zygosporesa. Sexually produced resting spacesb. Some cause disease of plantsi. Soft rot of fleshy plant partsc. Some are insect parasitesd. Biological control of insect crop pestsXV. Phylum Glomeromycetaa. Form mycorrhizae with plant rootsb. Do not grow independentlyc. Widespreadd. Occur in 80% of vascular plantse. Ceonocytic hyphaef. Asexual reproduction onlyi. Large multinucleate sporesXVI. Phylum Ascomycotaa. Some familiar fungii. Blue/green, red, brown molds on foodii. Plant diseases: including powdery mildewsiii. Chestnut blight, Dutch elm diseaseiv. Many yeastsv. Edible morels and trufflesvi. Filamentous1. Except for yeasts2. Perforated septa3. Asexual reproduction4. Sexual reproductiona. Formation of ascus (resembles a sac) within which ascospores are formed from meiosis5. Yeastsa. Unicellularb. Reproduce by buddingc. Outgrowth from parent plant celld. Not a formal taxonomic groupi. A growth form1. Zygomycetes, Ascomycota (most basidio