BIOL 3427 1st Edition Lecture 3 Review of Organic MoleculesI. Four major types in living organismsa. Carbohydratesb. Lipidsc. Proteinsd. Nucleic acidsOutline of Current Lecture a. The cell cyclei. Interphaseii. Mitosisiii. Cytokinesisb. Formation of phragmoplast and cell plateII. Summarya. Four types of organic moleculesi. carbohydratesii. lipidsiii. proteinsiv. nucleic acidsv. secondary metabolitesvi. plant cell1. same components as animal cells (with some variations) plus2. plastids3. vacuole4. cell wallIII. See Plant Cell Components Summary Table p. 72 (very detailed)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current LectureReview of Organic MoleculesIV. Four major types in living organismsa. Carbohydratesb. Lipids c. Proteinsd. Nucleic AcidsV. Carbohydratesa. Sugarsb. Most hydrophilicc. Function?VI. Monosaccharidesa. Glucosei. Primary Source of Chemical energyb. Ribosei. 5C SugarVII. Disaccharidesa. Sucrosei. Glucose and Fructoseii. Form of sugar transport from leaves and plant bodyVIII. Polysaccharidesa. Starchi. Primary storage polysaccharides in plants made of glucoseb. Amylosei. Unbranched chain of glucosec. Cellulosei. Principal structural component of cell wall, made of glucoseii. Not digestible by plants, only microorganismsd. Chitini. Principal component of fungal cell walls and exoskeleton of insects and crustaceansIX. Lipidsa. fats and fatlike substancesb. hydrophobicc. function?i. Energy storage1. Triglycerides=3 Fatty acids + glycerold. Structural purposesi. Phospholipids in cell membraneii. fats and oilsiii. triglyceridesiv. energy storage in seeds and fruitsv. tend to be unsaturated (double bonded Carbon in structure)vi. -liquid at room temperaturevii. -Examples include: Sunflower, peanut, and corn oilX. Phospholipidsa. Form phospholipid bilayer in cell membranei. Hydrophobic polar bonds outwardii. Hydrophilic nonpolar fatty acids tails inwardXI. Barriers to water lossa. Cutini. Covers outer wall of epidermal cells in stems leavesb. Suberini. In walls of cork (outer bark) cellsc. Waxesi. Most water repellant; found in Carnarba Wax palm leavesXII. Steroidsa. Have four interconnected hydrocarbon ringsb. cell membranesi. Sterols stabilize phospholipid tailsXIII. hormonesa. Antheridiol in water moldb. Brassins promote growth in certain stemsc. Estrogen?XIV. Proteinsa. polymers of amino acidsb. function?c. Diverse functionsi. Storage forms of amino acids for embryo use in seedsd. protein structure influences functione. secondary structures are fibrous proteins that provide shape and supportf. Enzymes, membrane proteins, transport proteins, and structural proteins are tertiary globular structuresXV. Enzymesa. catalysts- In chemical reactionsb. Lower energy of activation of Chemical reactionsc. Amylose (Starch) into glucose moleculesXVI. Nucleic Acidsa. chains of nucleotides – Phosphate group, 5C sugar, and nitrogenous baseb. DNA, RNAc. function?i. Instructions, involvement in protein synthesisXVII. ATPa. modified nucleotideb. ATP +H20  ADPXVIII. Secondary Metabolitesa. primary metabolitesi. Found in all plant cells , necessary for the life of the plantXIX. secondary metabolitesa. Chemical signalingb. Defense (Herbivores, pathogens, competitors)c. Protect from radiationd. Aid in pollen and seed dispersalXX. Alkaloidsa. morphine: cough suppressant/pain relieverb. cocaine: prevents fatigue/decreases hunger pangsc. caffeine: allelopathic stimulant. Ex: Coffee, tea, cocoad. nicotinee. terpenoids i. (largest class)ii. isopreneiii. Gas produced in the chloroplastiv. helps keep structure protected from heat damagef. essential oilsi. good herbivore dispensesXXI. Taxola. Comes from Utreesb. Shrinks ovary and breast tumorc. rubberd. cardiac glycosidesi. milk weed plantXXII. Phenolicsa. Universally present in all plants and all plant partsXXIII. Flavonoidsa. Pigments (plant) responsible for coloring pedalsXXIV. Tanninsa. Oak,b. Overall deterrencec. Use of a form of acid to leatherXXV. Ligninsa. Found in cell wall plantsb. Allows plants to have greater size c. WaterproofingXXVI. salicylic acida. Comes from willow treesb. Good pain relieverc. Good chemical exfoliant to remove dead skinXXVII. Organic Moleculesa. Summaryi. Carbohydratesii. Lipidsiii. Proteinsiv. Nucleic acidsv. Secondary metabolitesXXVIII. The Plant Cell and the Cell Cyclea. Chapter 3b. The Celli. all cells contain: 1. plasma membrane2. genetic materialii. prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cellsXXIX. The Plant Cella. cytoplasmb. cytoplasmic streaming or cyclosisc. plasma membraned. Function?i. Transport in and out of chloroplastii. Coordinates synthesis and assembly of cell walliii. Receives and transmits signalsiv. Review Chapter fourXXX. nucleusa. Function?i. Controls ongoing cell activitiesii. Stores genetic informationb. chromosomesi. haploid (2n) in gametesii. diploid (2n) in somatic cellsiii. Chromosome number variable ( as few as 4 to 1000)XXXI. PlastidsXXXII. structurea. thylakoidsi. Flattened sac of membraneb. Stromai. Internal matrixc. own DNA and ribosomesd. double membranee. divide by fissionXXXIII. Chloroplastsa. Contains chlorophyll and carotenoidsb. Site of photosynthesisc. Temporary starch storage or liquid dropletsd. Synthesis of other compoundsi. Amino acids, fatty acids, secondary metabolitesXXXIV. Chromoplastsa. Ceretonoidsb. Play a role in pollinator and seed/fruit dispersal attractionXXXV. Leucoplastsa. Lack pigments and inner membranesb. Some synthesize starch (amyloplasts)c. Others form oils or proteinsXXXVI. Proplastidsa. Undifferentiated plastids in meristemsXXXVII. mitochondriaa. own DNA and ribosomes b. double membranec. divide by fissiond. sites of cellular respirationXXXVIII. remember endosymbiosis…a. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteriaXXXIX. vacuolesa. membrane-bounded region filled with liquid (cell sap)b. may be 90% cell volume in mature cellsc. functioni. Helps maintain tissue rigidityii. Stores primary and/or secondary metabolitesiii. Stores pigmentsiv. May break down and recycle macromoleculesXL. other parts of the cella. endomembrane system-cytoskeletonb. peroxisomesc. ribosomesd. oil bodiese. cytoskeletonf. flagella and ciliai. flagella found in gametes of plants with motile spermg. Mossesh. Liverwortsi. Fernsj. Cycadsk. Gingkol. cell walli. Prevents rupture of cell membraneii. Role in absorption, transport, and secretioniii. Made of