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UT Arlington BIOL BIOL 3427 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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BIOL 3427 Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8-14Lecture 8 (September 16th to September 25th)What are the primary functions of a root?The root functions in anchorage, absorption, storage, conduction, and synthesis of some hormones and secondary metabolites. The root anchors the plant to the soil so that it does not fall over. The root absorbs water and dissolved minerals from the soil. Some roots are fleshy andare specialized for storage.What is the first root that originates from the ground?The first root that originates from the ground is called the primary root.What is the root system dependent on?The root system is dependent on soil moisture, soil composition, and soil temperature. These factors can affect how many roots are there and how far they go. What is the function of feeder roots?Feeder roots, located on the upper portions of the soil are responsible for more water/nutrient uptake with nutrients concentrated in the region of the soil.How does the shoot and root system balance between the root to shoot ratio?There is a balancing area for photosynthesis with area for absorbing water and minerals. They must have enough water and nutrients. The root to shoot system decreases with age and depends on habitat and plant morphology. There is a dynamic flow of how many roots are constantly dieing and reforming.What is the structure and function of a root cap?The root cap is made up of parenchyma cells (living thin walled cells) that protects root apical meristem and aids in root penetration in the soil. It responds to gravity (gravitropism) and processes and directs movement through the soil. The peripheral cells on the root cap slough off as the root grows and produce mucilage for lubrication. Mucigel is a hydrated polysaccharidethat helps with movement through the soil. What are characteristics of the apical meristem?The apical meristem is small with many sided cells (initials and derivatives). It has active division in early root development. Describe the different steps of early root development in an apical meristem.Development first occurs in the region of cell division. The apical meristem initials andderivatives first develop here. Next, the cells elongate, increasing root length. They constantly push root through the soil. In the region of maturation (differentiation), the root hairs are produced. In which region of development in the apical meristem are the root hairs produced?In the region of maturation or differentiation.Lecture 9 (September 25th to October 2nd):What is the definition of a shoot?The shoot is the stem and its associated leaves. It is more complex than root. The shoot has nodes and internodes.What is the rootcap?The rootcap has a shoot apex that produces leaves and axillary buds (bud sits in axel of leaf).What is the function of a stem?The function of a stem is to be a support for leaves and as conduction of materialsWhat is the function of the apical meristem?The function of the apical meristem is to add cells to primary plant body. It produces leaf primordia and bud primordia.What are phytomeres?Phytomeres are the organization of leaf, axillary bud, and internode that occurs over and over again. It includes leaf, node, internode, and axillary bud and repeats all the way down the shoot.What are some characteristics of the vegetative shoot apex?It cannot be divided into zones. The leaf primordia originates too quickly to distinguish nodes and internodes. The elongation of the stem occurs primarily when internodes elongate.What three meristems does the shoot apical meristems give rise to?The shoot apical meristems give rise to ground, procambium, and protoderm.What are the three organizations of basic the shoot apex?The vascular system or internode is more or less continuous cylinder within ground tissue including some gymnosperms magnoliids, and eudicots. The root of vascular tissue develop as aring of bundles separated by ground tissue.What is the structure of a stem?The stem structure is almost a continuous vascular cylinder. For example, the Tilia has this stem structure. It also has vascular bundles separated by very narrow area of vascular parenchyma (interfascicular parenchyma). The epidermis is a single layer of cells that is covered by a cuticle which prevents water loss. The cortex has collenchma and parenchyma. The collenchyma givessupport for young, growing, organs, while the parenchyma is photosynthetic.Describe the development of vascular tissue.The primary phloem develops from outer cells ofprocambium (the primary xylem from inner cells). There isone layer of cells in between that becomes the vascularcambium when secondary tissue originates. Describe the structure of a pith.Parenchyma cells with large canals are full of mucilage with intercellular spaces.What is the structure of an elderberry dicot?It has bundles of vascular tissue with epidermis, cortex, pith similar to tilia with interfascicular regions (pith rays). When secondary growth initiates, vascular cambium develops from interfascicular parenchyma connecting to procambium in bundles. Describe the structure of a medicago alfalfa.It has a structure similar to sambucuus or elderberry. It is a herbaceous eudicot with same secondary growth.What is the structure of a rununculus or buttercup?It has a bundle structure that is similar to monocots. There is no procambium after primary vascular tissues mature. There are also closedvascular bundles (no potential for further growth). Lecture 10 (October 2nd):What is secondary growth?Secondary growth occurs in stems and roots and increases the width or girth of a plant.What is the difference between annual, biannual, and perennial?An annual is a growing season within a calendar year. A biannual is two growing seasons crossing over two calendar years. A perennial lives for years; such as vines, shrubs, or trees. What is the difference between a herbaceous and a woody plant?A herbaceous plant is a plant in a period of dormancy that dies back above ground. A woody plant is a plant that stops growing when conditions are unfavorable. A deciduous plant is a plantthat drops its leaves all at once.Know the location of the fusiform initials and the ray initialsWhat gives rise to the vascular cambium?The procambium that remains undifferentiated between the primary xylem and primary phloem as well as from parenchyma of the interfascicular regions.What are the effects of secondary growth in cork?It arises from the cortexWhat are the effects of


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