Hartmann Psychology 1230-001 Fall 2005 Study Guide #14: Chapter 14 & Lectures 23 Chapter 14: 1. What term is used to describe continuities and transformations in factors that influence outcomes? A) developmental pathways B) cadre approach C) abnormal spectrum D) internalizing behaviors E) transformative development 2. Research indicates that two factors can help buffer adolescents from developing problems. These two factors are secure attachment during infancy and A) authoritative parenting during early childhood. B) interactions with extended family. C) early peer competence. D) high neighborhood quality in infancy. E) high-quality school systems. 3. Adolescents are sometimes referred to mental health clinics. According to Achenbach and Edelbrock's findings, which of these behavioral problems are the two most common causes for referral? A) suicide attempts and drug abuse B) substance abuse and conflict with parents C) poor schoolwork and substance abuse D) depression and poor school work E) truancy and violence 4. Increasing amounts of a substance are sometimes required to produce the same effects. This best defines A) withdrawal. B) physical dependence. C) tolerance. D) addiction. E) psychological dependence. 5. Psychological dependence, as it pertains to substance abuse, is best exemplified by an adolescent who A) needs to smoke greater quantities of marijuana each time to feel she has reached a comparable high. B) drinks large quantities of alcohol with his friends to feel part of the crowd. C) has an undesirable intense craving for crack cocaine. D) smokes cigarettes at parties to help her feel less uncomfortable. E) takes LSD because others are pressuring him to.Psychology 1230 (Hartmann) Study Guide #14, p. 2 of 6 6. Johnston, O'Malley, and Bachman's research likely underestimates the percentage of adolescents who take drugs because A) they used inaccurate methods for gathering their data. B) few ethnic minority adolescents were included in their sample. C) the majority of their sample consisted of middle-SES adolescents. D) high school dropouts were not included in the sample. E) their data were gathered from private schools rather than public schools. 7. Which of the following statements about adolescents who abuse drugs and alcohol is FALSE? A) Adolescents who abuse alcohol are often insecurely attached to their parents. B) Adolescents who abuse drugs are more likely than their counterparts not abusing drugs to have older friends. C) Adolescents who abuse alcohol often have parents who sanction alcohol use. D) Adolescents who abuse alcohol are usually nonconformists who are little affected by peer pressure. E) Adolescents who abuse alcohol often come from families where there is little parental monitoring. 8. Which of the following statements about cigarette smoking is FALSE? A) Students who participate in sports are less likely to be heavy smokers than are students who do not play sports. B) Paternal smoking is more strongly related to smoking by young adolescents than is maternal smoking. C) Smoking in the adolescent years causes permanent genetic changes that increase the risk of cancer even if the smoker later quits. D) How early in life one starts smoking is more important than how much one smokes, when it comes to genetic damage. E) Cigarette smoking is linked to emotional problems in adolescents. 9. According to the text, crack cocaine use is especially heavy among what group of adolescents? A) adolescents in isolated, rural areas B) ethnic minority adolescents C) urban adolescents not headed for college D) college students at universities in large cities E) unemployed adolescents 10. Which of the following statements about the drug Ecstasy is FALSE? A) It has hallucinogenic and stimulant effects. B) Tolerance builds up slowly. C) It increases the risk of heart attack. D) The rate of use in high school seniors has been increasing over the past few years. E) It is a synthetic drug.Psychology 1230 (Hartmann) Study Guide #14, p. 3 of 6 11. According to the text, why might drug use in early adolescence have more detrimental long-term effects than drug use in later adolescence? A) Drug use keeps young adolescents from developing more competent ways of coping with stress. B) Drugs interact with the increase in hormones that occurs during early adolescence. C) Young adolescents do not understand the risks of drug use, but older adolescents do. D) Peer pressure is stronger in early adolescence than in late adolescence. E) Young adolescents are less likely than older adolescents to talk openly with parents. 12. Marcus is a guidance counselor. He is implementing a drug-abuse prevention program. According to Dryfoos, what type of program would be most effective for junior high school students? A) teacher-led programs B) police-led programs C) counselor-led programs D) same-age peer-led programs E) older peer-led program 13. A recent study of juvenile justice found that A) trying adolescent offenders as adults decreased their crime rate. B) trying adolescent offenders as adults increased their crime rate. C) trying adolescent offenders as adults was unrelated to their crime rate. D) female judges gave harsher sentences than male judges. E) male judges gave harsher sentences than female judges. 14. Which of the following has been found to be present in adolescents at risk for engaging in violence? A) constant exposure to violence in the media B) associations with antisocial peer groups C) easy access to weapons D) early involvement with drugs and alcohol E) all of these 15. In Kalika's school a small number of students have been trained to serve as peer mediators for the entire school. This is called the A) total student body approach. B) problem-focused approach. C) cadre approach. D) emotion-focused approach. E) developmental approach.Psychology 1230 (Hartmann) Study Guide #14, p. 4 of 6 16. The principal of a high school is trying to figure out the best program for dealing with the arguments and subsequent violence in the school. According to research, the most effective approach would be the A) total student body approach. B) problem-focused approach. C) cadre approach. D) emotion-focused approach. E) developmental approach. 17. Which of the following has been found to increase the risk of