HARTMANN PSYCHOLOGY 1230-001 FALL 2005Study Guide #6Chapter 6 and Lecture 12a & b, & 13Chapter 6:1. What term refers to the biological dimension of being male or female?A) identityB) genderC) sexD) gender constancyE) androgyny2. What term refers to the social expectations of how we should act, think, and feel as females and males?A) genderB) gender roleC) gender constancyD) androgynyE) cultural norm3. With which of the following people is a 13-year-old girl most likely to display increased stereotypically female behaviors, such as being soft-spoken and affectionate?A) her motherB) her fatherC) teachersD) another 13-year-old girlE) a 13-year-old boy4. Which of the following theorists is most closely associated with the anatomy-is-destiny view of gender behavior?A) PiagetB) FreudC) KohlbergD) BemE) Maccoby5. Evolutionary psychologist David Buss argues that women and men differ psychologicallyA) in those domains in which they've historically faced different adaptive problems.B) in all domains, due to different evolutionary trajectories.C) because of different sociohistorical experiences.D) due to genetically based differences in parenting.E) due to the evolution of the human unconscious.6. Which theory emphasizes gender role acquisition as a product of modeling and reinforcement?A) social cognitiveB) gender-role transcendenceC) androgynyD) gender constancyE) gender schemaPsychology 1230-001 (Hartmann), A’05Study Guide #6, p. 2 of 67. Which of the following is TRUE?A) Girls' learning problems are identified more often than boys' learning problems.B) Girls get more attention in school than boys do.C) Teachers give boys more time than girls to answer a question.D) Teachers spend more time interacting with girls than with boys.E) all of these8. What type of learning environment is found in most middle and junior high schools?A) personal environmentB) cooperative environmentC) dependent, feminine learning environmentD) independent, masculine learning environmentE) interdependent environment9. A boy recognizes that he is a male and starts doing "male" things. This description is consistent with which theory of gender development?A) gender schemaB) cognitive developmentalC) gender-role transcendenceD) social cognitiveE) gender intensification10. By what cognitive stage of development do children first understand gender constancy?A) sensorimotor stageB) oral stageC) preoperational stageD) autonomy versus shame and doubtE) concrete operational stage11. Broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males are calledA) gender roles.B) gender intensifications.C) androgyny.D) gender stereotypes.E) gender identities.12. Studies of gender-role stereotyping have shown thatA) people in industrialized countries perceive the sexes as being more similar than people in less-developed countries do.B) people in Christian cultures perceive fewer differences between the sexes than people in Muslim cultures do.C) women perceive fewer differences between the sexes than men do.D) gender-role stereotyping is pervasive.E) all of these apply.13. All else being equal, a given female is less likely than a given male toA) die.B) develop mental disorders.C) develop high blood pressure.D) develop infections.E) do all of these.Psychology 1230-001 (Hartmann), A’05Study Guide #6, p. 3 of 614. Amad is being ignored by the other adolescents at school and now has found out that cruel rumorsare circulating about him. Amad is experiencing what type of aggression?A) verbal aggressionB) female aggressionC) social aggressionD) bullying aggressionE) relational aggression15. Jessie has a high degree of both masculine and feminine traits. She is consideredA) undifferentiated.B) androgynous.C) feminine.D) gender transcended.E) identity confused.16. Cindy and Oliver noticed a small child fall to the ground and start crying. Although Oliver last year came to the assistance of a man putting out a car fire, he doesn't help the crying child but instead watches as Cindy goes to help. This illustrates the importance of studying gender inA) time sequences.B) relation to previous behavior.C) terms of stereotypes.D) cognitive developmental stages.E) context.17. It has been suggested that the concept of androgyny should be replaced by a concept that shifts the focus away from gender and onto people as people. This idea is calledA) gender differentiation.B) gender-role transcendence.C) the gender schema approach.D) the social cognitive approach.E) the one-gender approach.18. What concept states that psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls becomegreater during adolescence because of increased socialization pressures to conform to traditional masculine and feminine gender roles?A) gender schema theoryB) social cognitive theoryC) cognitive developmental theoryD) gender-role transcendenceE) gender intensification hypothesis19. Research investigating Gilligan's theory found that girls at highest risk for problems in development were girls who were tentative in giving their opinions and whoA) had older brothers.B) were from single-parent homes.C) were from low-income families.D) emphasized the importance of academics.E) emphasized the importance of appearance.Psychology 1230-001 (Hartmann), A’05Study Guide #6, p. 4 of 620. Gilligan believes that discrimination against women will end whenA) all individuals become androgynous.B) men's different approach to life is seen as authentic.C) there is gender-role transcendence.D) women and men return to more traditional gender roles.E) women adopt more masculine characteristics.Disscussion Questions: 1. Compare and contrast the cognitive developmental and the gender schema theories of gender typing. 2. Do the mass media influence gender roles? Provide specific examples that support the conclusion for a causal influence.Lecture 12 a & b, & 13 1. According to the lecture, which of the following is true about gender differences?A. They generally indicate that one of the sexes is superior or better than the other.B. They generally reflect basic biological processes.C. They indicate that males are the tougher sex.D. They are ubiquitous.E. All size dimensions favor males at all ages. 2. The following are symptomatic of _________________: small penis; diminished pubic, axillary, and facial hair; sexual dysfunction; enlarged breast tissue; tall stature; abnormal body proportions (long legs, short