Slide 1PROCESSES OF MEMORYEncodingEncodingMnemonic ApproachesStorageRetrievalMeasuring MemoryMeasuring MemoryHelpful Study HintsMeMory PhenomenaEncoding SpecificityProcesses of MemoryCHAPTER 7: MEMORYPROCESSES OF MEMORY•There are 3 major processes of memory1. Encoding2. Storage3. Retrieval•The three systems refer to the what of memory while the three processes refer to the how of memoryENCODING•Refers to the process of getting information into our memory banks•Many of our memory failures are actually failures of encoding•Once we lose the change to encode an event, we will never remember it•To encode something, we must first attend to itENCODING•Much of our everyday experience never gets into our brains in the first place•Next-in-line effect•Mnemonic: a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall–Rely on internal mental strategies–We can apply them to just about anything and everything–Most mnemonics depend on having a store of knowledge to begin withMNEMONIC APPROACHES•PEMDAS–Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally–Used for Math•Thirty days hath September–Used to remember the length of each month•EGBDF–Every Good Boy Does Fine–Used for musicSTORAGE•Refers to the process of keeping information in memory •Schema: organized knowledge structure or mental model that we have stored in memory–Schemas equip us with frames of reference for interpreting new situations–Schemas can lead us to remember things that never happened–Schemas can lead us to overgeneralize, making assumptons about all members of a categoryRETRIEVAL•Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores•Many types of forgetting result from failures of retrieval–Our memories are still present but cannot be accessed•Retrieval cues: hints that make it easier for us to recall informationMEASURING MEMORY•Three main ways to measure people’s memory1. Recall2. Recognition3. Relearning•Recall: generating previously remembered information on our own•Recognition: selecting previously remembered information from an array of options•Recall is usually harder than recognitionMEASURING MEMORY•Relearning: how much more quickly we learn information when we study something we have already studied relative to when we studied it the first time•Ebbinghaus’s Curve of Forgetting–Our forgetting occurs almost immediately after learning new material–Learned the syllables much more quickly the second time•Relearning is a more sensitive measure of memory than either recall or recognition•Law of Distributed vs. Massed Practice: studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed) leads to better memory of the informationHELPFUL STUDY HINTS•Distributed versus massed study•Testing effect–Test yourself frequently on the material you have read•Elaborative rehearsal–Connect new knowledge with existing knowledge rather than simply memorizing facts or names•Levels of processing–Work to process ideas deeply and meaningfully•Mnemonic devices–Give yourself cues and reminders to recall material when testedMEMORY PHENOMENA•Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon: experience of knowing that we know something but are unable to access it–Tells us there is a difference between something we have forgotten because it did not get stored in memory and something that is in there somewhere that we can’t quite retrieve•Encoding Specificity: remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it–Context-dependent learning–State-dependent learningENCODING SPECIFICITY•Context-dependent learning–Refers to superior retrieval when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context•State-dependent learning–Refers to superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological state as it was during encoding–Mood-dependent learning•Retrospective