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UT Knoxville PSYC 110 - Human Development: Special considerations, physical development

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Slide 1Conception & Prenatal DevelopmentSlide 3Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal DevelopmentBrain DevelopmentObstacles to DevelopmentObstacles to DevelopmentMotor DevelopmentSlide 10Motor DevelopmentPhysical Development in ChildhoodAdolescenceAdolescencePhysical Development in AdultsHuman DevelopmentChapter 10Conception & Prenatal DevelopmentMost dramatic changes occur during early prenatal developmentA zygote is formed when sperm cell fertilizes an eggAfter this, three stages of development occurPrenatal DevelopmentFirst stage is the germinal stageZygote divides over and over again to form a blastocystIn middle of the second week, cells begin to assume different functions and the blastocyst becomes an embryoThe embryonic stage lasts until 8 weeksWhat begins to take shape? Limbs, facial features and major organs (including the heart, lungs, and brain) begin to take shapePrenatal DevelopmentBy the 9th week and the start of the fetal stage, the major organs are established and heart beatsThe fetus continues physical maturation and “bulking up” until birthBrain DevelopmentBrain begins developing 18 days after fertilizationHow is the brain’s development different from other organs?The brain continues to develop into adolescence and probably even early adulthoodProliferationUp to 250,000 neurons per minute at timesObstacles to DevelopmentTeratogens are environmental factors that can exert a negative impact on prenatal developmentExamples are smoking, drugs, chicken poxAlcohol consumption can lead to fetal alcohol syndromeObstacles to DevelopmentGenetic disorders can be from disorders or random errors in cell divisionPremature, being born prior to 36 weeks, can result in numerous problemsThe less time in utero, the greater chance of serious complicationsMotor DevelopmentInfants are born with a large set of automatic motor behaviors (reflexes) that are triggered by specific types of stimulation and fulfill important survival needsSucking and rooting reflexes are automatic response to oral stimulation needed for eating. Motor Behaviors are bodily motions that occur as result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and musclesMilestones?Sitting Up, crawling, standing unsupported and walking.Motor DevelopmentWide range in the rate and manner in which children achieve motor milestonesInfluenced by physical maturity, as well as cultural and parenting practicesBut they are always achieved in the same developmental sequencePhysical Development in ChildhoodThe relative size of our body parts changes dramatically during first 20 yearsAdolescenceTransitional period between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage yearsThis is when our bodies reach full maturity, in part due to hormonal releaseestrogens and androgensThe pituitary gland stimulates physical growth and the reproductive system releases sex hormones; into the bloodstream, triggering growth and other physical changes.AdolescenceAttainment of physical potential for reproduction is largely due to hormonal releaseCauses changes in primary and secondary sex characteristicsReproductive organs and genitalsGenetics and environment influence timing of pubertyPhysical Development in AdultsMost of us reach our physical peaks in early twenties.Strength, coordination, speed of cognitive processing, and physical flexibilityDeclines begin shortly after, including muscle, sensory processes, and fertilityMenopause signals the end of a female’s reproductive


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UT Knoxville PSYC 110 - Human Development: Special considerations, physical development

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