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UT Knoxville PSYC 110 - Biology of Memory; False Memories

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Slide 1Neural Basis of MemoryNeural Basis of MemoryEmotional MemoryMemory DeteriorationFalse MemoriesFalse MemoriesImplanting False MemoriesImplanting False MemoriesEyewitness TestimonyEyewitness TestimonyChild TestimonyChapter 7: MemoryBiology of Memory; False MemoriesNeural Basis of MemoryKarl Lashley in search of the engramThe physical trace of each memory in the brainMemory is not located in a single placeMemories of different features of experiences, like their sound, sight, and smell, are almost certainly stored in different brain regionsAssemblies: organized groups of neurons in the brainOne neuron becomes connected to another neuron when it repeatedly activates that neuronNeural Basis of MemoryLearned information isn’t stored permanently in the hippocampus itselfThe prefrontal cortex seems to be one of the major banks from which we withdraw our memoriesOur memories distribute themselves throughout many areas of the cortexTwo types of amnesiaRetrograde Amnesia: loss of memories from our pastAnterograde Amnesia: inability to encode new memories from our experiencesEmotional MemoryThe amygdala is where the emotional components of memories, especially fear, are storedS.M. vs W.S.Should we erase painful memories if we could?PropranololMemory DeteriorationAfter 65 years of age, we usually begin to experience memory problems and some degeneration in the brainAlzheimer’s diseaseIncreased chance of diagnosis as people ageOne American develops Alzheimer’s every 72 secondsLoss of synapses and death of cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortexBeing physically active reduces the risk of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s People who are highly educated and intellectually active are at decreased riskFalse MemoriesWe are often more confident of our recollections of events than we should beFlashbulb memoriesEmotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailedChallengerPhantom flashbulb memoryFalse MemoriesSource Monitoring ConfusionLack of clarity about the origin of a memoryAccording to a source monitoring view of memory, we try to identify the origins of our memories by seeking cues about how we encoded themIn other words, we try to identify the origins of a memoryCryptomnesiaFailure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone elseImplanting False MemoriesSuggestive Memory TechniqueProcedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken placeOur memories are far more easily influenced that most people thinkElizabeth LoftusMisinformation EffectProviding people with misleading information after an event can lead to fictitious memoriesImplanting False Memories“Lost in the mall” studyStrong support for the claim that memory is reconstructiveEvent PlausibilityIt’s easier for us to believe some things than othersIt’s easier to implant a memory of something that is plausible than of something that isn’tIt’s easier to implant a fictitious memory of an event from the distant past for which we have no recall than of an event from the recent past we remember wellEyewitness TestimonyRonald CottonThree-quarters or more of prisoners acquitted by DNA testing are mistakenly identified by eyewitnessesWhen witnesses seem sure they’ve identified a culprit, juries tend to believe themEyewitness testimony is less likely to be accurate when observing people from races different than your ownBrief glimpse of the criminalTalking to other witnessesViewing the crime under stressful circumstancesEyewitness TestimonyEyewitnesses sometimes mistake someone they’ve seen shortly before the crime for the actual criminalWeapon focusSequential lineups vs. Simultaneous lineupsReducing demand characteristicsMake the person conducting the lineup blind to who the suspect isChild TestimonyChildren are especially vulnerable to suggestions to recall events that didn’t occurStephen Ceci studyPsychologists need to use less suggestive procedures when questioning childrenResearch shows that many children provide accurate memories when they are asked about an event once in a non-leading fashionChildren’s memories are affected by schemas, especially their expectations about how others will


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UT Knoxville PSYC 110 - Biology of Memory; False Memories

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