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UT Knoxville PSYC 110 - Systems of Memory

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Slide 1MemoryParadox of MemoryReconstructive Memory3 Systems of MemorySensory MemoryShort-Term MemoryShort-Term Memory DisruptionShort-Term Memory DisruptionCapacity of Short-Term MemoryCapacity of Short-Term Memory (Cont.)Capacity of Short-Term Memory (Cont.)Long-Term MemoryLong-Term MemoryTypes of Long-Term MemoryTypes of Long-Term MemoryChapter 7: MemoryOV E R V I E W A N D 3 S Y S T E M S O F M E M O RYMemory•The retention of information over time•Our memories are excellent in some situations and horrible in others–This is known as the paradox of memoryParadox of Memory•The idea that the same mechanisms that sometimes serve us well in memory also lead to problems in memory•Amazing feats of memory in the world–The Real Rainman–Rajan and pi•Failures of memory–Memory Illusion: a false but subjectively compelling memoryReconstructive Memory•Our memories are far more reconstructive than reproductive–Actively reconstruct vs. passively reproduce•When recalling past memories, we rarely, if ever, reproduce precise replicas of them•Field Memory and Observer Memory3 Systems of Memory1. Sensory Memory2. Short-Term Memory3. Long-Term Memory•These systems serve different purposes and vary along two important dimensions –Span: how much information each system can hold–Duration: over how long a period of time that system can hold informationSensory Memory•Brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory•Each sense has its own form of sensory memory–Iconic Memory: the type of sensory memory that applies to vision•Last for about a second and are gone forever•Eidetic Memory–Echoic Memory: auditory sensory memory•Last for about 5-10 secondsShort-Term Memory•Memory system that retains information for limited durations•Working Memory–Refers to our ability to hold on to information we’re currently thinking about, attending to, or processing actively•Lasts no longer than 20 secondsShort-Term Memory Disruption•Decay: fading of information from memory over time–The longer we wait, the less there is left•Interference: loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information–Our memories get in the way of each other•There is evidence for decay, but even stronger evidence for the role of interference in memory lossShort-Term Memory Disruption•Retroactive Interference–Interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information•Proactive Interference–Interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information•Both retroactive and proactive interference are more likely to occur when the old and new stimuli that we’ve learned are similarCapacity of Short-Term Memory•Digit Span Test–Magic Number: the span of short-term memory, according to George Miller; 7 plus or minus 2 pieces of information–Applies to almost everything we encounter–Capacity of short-term memory is extremely limited•Chunking–Organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory–Rajan and piCapacity of Short-Term Memory (Cont.)•Rehearsal–Repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory–Unlike chunking, which increases the span of short-term memory1. Maintenance Rehearsal–Repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short-term memory2. Elaborative Rehearsal–Linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memoryCapacity of Short-Term Memory (Cont.)•Depth of processing–Levels of Processing: suggests that the more deeply we process information, the better we tend to remember it•Visual processing is the most shallow, phonological somewhat less shallow, and semantic the deepest•THIS EXAM IS GOING TO BE REALLY HARD•Deeper levels of processing tend to produce more enduring long-term memoriesLong-Term Memory•Relatively enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills•The capacity of long-term memory is huge•Information in long-term memory often endures for years or decades and even permanently•The types of mistakes we commit in long-term memory differ from those we make in short-term memoryLong-Term Memory•Primacy Effect: tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well•Recency Effect: tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well•Serial Position Curve–A graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people’s ability to recall items on a list•The recency effect seems to reflect the workings of short-term memory, and the primacy effect seems to reflect the operation of long-term memoryTypes of Long-Term Memory•Semantic Memory: our knowledge of facts about the world•Episodic Memory: recollection of events in our lives•Good evidence that these two types of memory are housed in different brain regionsTypes of Long-Term Memory•Two subtypes of implicit memory1. Procedural Memory: memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits2. Priming: our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli•Figure 7.8 on p.


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UT Knoxville PSYC 110 - Systems of Memory

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