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UT Knoxville PSYC 110 - Correlation vs Experiment

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Chapter 2: Correlations vs. ExperimentsCorrelational DesignSlide 3ScatterplotsSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7CorrelationIllusory CorrelationsCorrelation vs. CausationExperimentsRandom AssignmentManipulating the IVPotential Pitfalls in ExperimentsCorrelations vs. ExperimentsChapter Chapter 2: Correlations 2: Correlations vs. Experimentsvs. ExperimentsCorrelational DesignCorrelational Design•VariableVariable: anything that can take on different : anything that can take on different values across individualsvalues across individuals•Important elements of correlations:Important elements of correlations:–Sign (+ or -)Sign (+ or -)–Size of numberSize of numberCorrelational DesignCorrelational Design•Sign:Sign: correlations can be positive, negative, or correlations can be positive, negative, or zero.zero.•Size:Size: correlation coefficients (r) range in value correlation coefficients (r) range in value from -1.0 to 1.0from -1.0 to 1.0r = .93 r = .93 r = -.24r = -.24r = 0r = 0ScatterplotsScatterplotsScatterplotsScatterplotsScatterplotsScatterplotsScatterplotsScatterplotsCorrelationCorrelation•Psychological research shows that we are poor Psychological research shows that we are poor at estimating the sizes of correlations.at estimating the sizes of correlations.•We are prone to fall prey to We are prone to fall prey to illusory correlationsillusory correlations–Perception of a statistical association between two variables where Perception of a statistical association between two variables where none existsnone exists–Full moon exampleFull moon example•Illusory correlation and superstitionIllusory correlation and superstition–Sports figuresSports figuresIllusory CorrelationsIllusory CorrelationsCrime No CrimeCorrelation vs. CausationCorrelation vs. Causation•Correlation does not necessarily mean Correlation does not necessarily mean causation.causation.•Correlations Correlations sometimessometimes results from a causal results from a causal relationshiprelationship•Correlation vs. causation fallacy is different Correlation vs. causation fallacy is different from the illusory correlation fallacyfrom the illusory correlation fallacy•Potential third variablesPotential third variables•Correlation only tells us a relationship exists Correlation only tells us a relationship exists and we can use this to make predictions, but and we can use this to make predictions, but we can’t be sure why these relationships exist.we can’t be sure why these relationships exist.ExperimentsExperiments•Only an experiment allows us to make cause-Only an experiment allows us to make cause-and-effect conclusionsand-effect conclusions–Experimental designs include Experimental designs include random assignment of random assignment of participants to conditionsparticipants to conditions–Experimental designs include the Experimental designs include the manipulation of an manipulation of an independent variable (IV)independent variable (IV)Random AssignmentRandom Assignment•Experimenter randomly sorts participants into Experimenter randomly sorts participants into one of two groupsone of two groups–Experimental group:Experimental group: the group of participants that the group of participants that receives the manipulationreceives the manipulation–Control group:Control group: the groups of participants that does the groups of participants that does not receive the manipulationnot receive the manipulation•Random Random assignment assignment vs. Random vs. Random selectionselectionManipulating the IVManipulating the IV•Independent variable:Independent variable: variable the variable the experimenter manipulatesexperimenter manipulates•Dependent variable:Dependent variable: variable that an variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has had an effectmanipulation has had an effect•Confounding variable:Confounding variable: refers to any difference refers to any difference between groups other than the IVbetween groups other than the IV•Operational definition:Operational definition: a working definition of a working definition of what a researcher is measuringwhat a researcher is measuringPotential Pitfalls in Potential Pitfalls in ExperimentsExperiments•Placebo effectPlacebo effect: improvement resulting from the : improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvementmere expectation of improvement–BlindBlind•Experimenter Expectancy Effect:Experimenter Expectancy Effect: when when researchers’ hypotheses lead them to researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a studyunintentionally bias the outcome of a study–Double-blindDouble-blind•Demand Characteristics:Demand Characteristics: cues that participants cues that participants pick up from a study that make them attempt pick up from a study that make them attempt to guess the researchers’ hypothesesto guess the researchers’ hypothesesCorrelations vs. Correlations vs. ExperimentsExperiments•Correlation:Correlation: tells us about the strength and tells us about the strength and direction of the relationship between two variablesdirection of the relationship between two variables•Experiment:Experiment: allows us to determine cause-and- allows us to determine cause-and-effect conclusionseffect


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