Slide 1LearningClassical ConditioningPavlov’s DogsPavlov’s DogsPavlov’s DogsClassical ConditioningClassical ConditioningHigher-Order ConditioningHigher-Order ConditioningDaily LifeDaily LifeLittle AlbertChapter 6: LearningClassical ConditioningLearningA change in an organism’s behavior or thought as a result of experienceHabituation is the process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuliSensitization is responding more strongly over time when repeatedly exposed to stimuliClassical ConditioningMuch learning depends on associating one thing with anotherConditioning is forming associations among stimuliPavlov’s DogsPavlov’s DogsClassical Conditioning: a form of learning in which animals/humans come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response. 1. Pavlov started with an initially neutral stimulus, one that did not elicit any particular response2. He then paired the neutral stimulus again and again with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)•A stimulus that elicits an automatic or reflexive responsePavlov’s DogsThe unconditioned response (UCR) is the automatic response to a nonneutral stimulus that does not need to be learned3. After Pavlov repeatedly paired the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus when presented alone started to elicit the response•Conditioned Stimulus (CS): initially neutral stimulus that comes to be elicited by a neutral stimulus•Conditioned Response (CR): Response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioningPavlov’s DogsClassical ConditioningOccurs in three phases:1. Acquisition: when we gradually learn or acquire the CRIn general, the closer in time the pairing of CS and UCS, the faster the learning occurs2. Extinction: process in which the CR decreases in magnitude and eventually disappears when the CS is repeatedly presented alone without the UCS3. Spontaneous Recovery: a seemingly extinct CR reappears if we present the CS againRenewal EffectClassical ConditioningStimulus Generalization: the process by which CSs that are similar, but not identical, to the original CS elicit a CR•Generalization GradientStimulus Discrimination: occurs when we exhibit a less pronounced CR to CSs that differ from the original CSHigher-Order ConditioningDeveloping a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus•Circle/ToneOccasion SettersHigher-Order ConditioningDaily LifeClassical Conditioning and Advertising•Latent InhibitionAcquisition of Fears and Phobias•Classical conditioning can contribute to our acquiring phobias, but it can also contribute to our overcoming themDaily LifeFetishes•Sexual attraction to nonliving things often arises in part from classical conditioningDisgust reactionsLittle
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