Slide 1Nervous SystemCentral Nervous SystemCNS: CerebrumCNS: Cerebral CortexFour Brain LobesFrontal LobeFrontal LobeFrontal LobeFrontal LobeParietal LobeParietal LobeTemporal LobeTemporal LobeOccipital LobeLimbic SystemLimbic SystemSpinal CordPeripheral Nervous System (PNS)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)Autonomic Nervous SystemEndocrine SystemEndocrine SystemCentral Nervous System and the Endocrine SystemChapter 3Nervous System•Sensory information comes into—and decisions to act come out of—the central nervous system (CNS)Part of nervous system containing brain and spinal cord that controls the mind and behavior•The nerves that extend outside of the CNS are part of the peripheral nervous systemFurther divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous systemCentral Nervous System•Known as the command center of the brain•The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges•They are also protected by cerebral ventriclesPockets in the brain and spinal cord that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)Provides the brain with nutrients and cushion against injuryCNS: Cerebrum•The largest and most highly developed area of the human brain is the cerebrum•The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheresThey serve distinct yet highly integrated functions•The corpus callosum is a band of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.CNS: Cerebral Cortex•The largest component of the cerebrum is the cerebral cortexOutermost part of the cerebrumResponsible for analyzing sensory processing and higher brain functions •The cerebral cortex contains four regions called lobes, each associated with somewhat different functionsFour Brain LobesFrontal Lobe•In the most forward part of the cerebral cortex•Executive FunctioningOrganizes most other brain functions•The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the rest of the cortex•The motor cortex is the part of the frontal lobe that lies next to the central sulcusFrontal LobeFrontal Lobe•In front of the motor cortex is the prefrontal cortexPart of the frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language•Broca’s areaLanguage area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production•Prefrontal cortex also contributes to mood, personality, and self-awarenessFrontal LobeParietal Lobe•Upper middle part of the cerebral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe•Contains the somatosensory cortexSensitive to touch, including pressure and pain•Helps us track objects’ locations, shapes, and orientations•Communicates visual and touch information to the motor cortex every time we reach, grasp, and move our eyesParietal LobeTemporal Lobe•Prime site of hearing, understanding language, and storing past memories•Top of the temporal lobe contains the auditory cortexPart of cortex devoted to hearing•Lower part is critical to storing memories of autobiographical eventsTemporal Lobe•Wernicke’s AreaPart of the temporal lobe involved in understanding speechOccipital Lobe•Located at the very back of our brains•Specialized for visionContains the visual cortex•Human beings are highly dependent on our visual systemsLimbic System•Emotional center of brain that also plays roles in smell, motivation, and memory•Four important areas of the limbic system:1. Thalamus: gateway from the sense organs to the primary sensory cortex2. Hypothalamus: regulates and maintains constant internal bodily states3. Amygdala: part of the limbic system that plays key roles in fear, excitement, and arousal4. Hippocampus: plays a key role in memory, especially spatial memoryLimbic SystemSpinal Cord•Extends from our brain stem and runs down the middle of our backs•Conveys information between the brain and the rest of the body•Sensory information is carried from the body to the brain by way of sensory nerves•Motor commands are carried from the brain to the body by the way of motor nervesPeripheral Nervous System (PNS)•Nerves in the body that extend outside the CNS•Contains two branches1. Somatic nervous system2. Autonomic nervous system•Somatic nervous systemCarries messages from the CNS to muscles throughout the bodyControls and coordinates voluntary movementPeripheral Nervous System (PNS)•Autonomic nervous systemPart of the nervous system controlling the involuntary actions of our internal organs and glands, which (along with the limbic system) participates in emotion regulation Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemAutonomic Nervous System1.Sympathetic nervous systemMobilizes the fight-or-flight responseEngaged during crisis and emotional arousal2.Parasympathetic nervous systemControls rest and digestionEndocrine System•Separate from, but interacts with, the nervous system•Consists of glands that release hormones into the bloodstreamChemical carried through our blood vesselsInfluences particular organs and glandsEndocrine System•Pituitary GlandControls other glands in the bodyUnder the control of the hypothalamus•Adrenal GlandsSometimes called the emergency centers of the bodyManufacture the hormones adrenaline and cortisol during emotional arousal•Sexual Reproductive HormonesTestosterone in males and estrogen in femalesBoth sexes manufacture some amount of the sex hormone of the opposite