BIOL 1103 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I Watson Crick and Franklin II Components of DNA III DNA replication and Mutations IV RNA and RNA processing V Amino Acids VI Transcription and Translation VII Steps of Translation Outline of Current Lecture I Transgenic Biotechnology II Restriction Enzymes and DNA Ligase III Recombinant DNA and Plasmids IV Reproductive Cloning V PCR VI Stem Cells a Controversy and Potential Current Lecture Transgenic biotechnology is the splicing of DNA from one species to another o This produce recombinant DNA that will be reviewed later Restriction Enzymes o Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are used to make recombinant DNA o Restriction enzymes recognize the desired sequence in DNA cut out that sequence that fragment finds another DNA strand to pair with through basepairing and then DNA ligase comes in and seals new recombinant DNA These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o o DNA and plasmids Plasmids are ring type structures found in prokaryotes that contain genetic materials DNA Plasmids can be made of recombinant DNA and are now used to replicate desired human genes because bacterial cells replicate so quickly Reproductive cloning is the production of mammals through cloning o Famous Dolly cloning experiment with goats A cell was taken from the udder of a six year old white sheep and then allowed to divide many times in the laboratory The donor cell and egg were put next to each other and an electric current was applied to the egg cell This caused the two cells to fuse and prompted an activation that reprogrammed the donor cell DNA This caused the fused cell to start developing as an embryo One of the resulting udder cells was selected to be the donor cell for the cloning Meanwhile using a slender tube called a micropipette researchers sucked the DNA out of the egg After some incubation the embryo was implanted in a third sheep which served as the surrogate mother The surrogate mother gave birth to Dolly o PCR polymerase chain reaction o Can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA o Consists of heating cooling and replication this brings about a chain reaction that produces an exponentially growing number of identical DNA molecules o o Stem Cells o Embryonic stem cells Cells from the blastocyst s inner cell mass can give rise to all other cells o Adult stem cells not as prominent as ESCs found in small numbers in adult tissue adult stem cells do not have the differentiation potential of ESCs nor the ESC s ability to continue to produce specialized cells generation after generation o controversy To harvest ESCs originally researchers had to destroy the embryos the cells are a part of something many people regard as a destruction of human life Others hold that embryos are potential human life and that society has a greater responsibility toward impaired children and adults than it does toward embryos o Stem cells are believed to hold great potential for future and scientists believe that human trials with stem cells are five to ten years away
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