BIOL 1103 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (August 13)Unifying Characteristics of LifeWhat characteristics are possessed by all living things? What are the six elements found in all living things? Why is evolution the chief unifying principle in biology?Characteristics possessed by all living things are: living things are made of complexly-structured carbon-containing organic molecules, all living things must reproduce, they must useand produce energy, they must be products of evolution, they must be able to maintainhomeostasis, they must grow and develop, they must respond to stimuli in their environment,and they must be made of cells or cell products. The six elements found in all living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,phosphorous, and sulfur. Evolution if the chief unifying principle in biology because every livingthing is shaped by it without exception. Lecture 2 (August 15) Science and Spontaneous GenerationWhat is the difference between abiogenesis and biogenesis? What were the thoughts of Aristotle, Paracelsus, and van Helmont? What did Redi do? What did Leeuwenhoek discover?Abiogenesis was a largely accepted belief that life came from essentially nothing. Biogenesis states that life comes only from previously existing life. Aristotle believed in abiogenesis and was first to really believe in spontaneous generation. He believed that the soul was what really formed life. Paracelsus created a Formula for Creating Human Beings that consisted of placing a substance in a dung heap and saying some type of muttering over it every day and after a while a being would appear. Van Helmont explained his beliefs in this way, “Place a dirty shirt in a vessel containing wheat, and after twenty-one days storage in a dark place, to allow fermentation to be completed, the vapors of the seeds and the germinating principle in human sweat contained in the dirty shirt will generate live mice.”Redi did an experiment that almost cemented the idea that abiogenesis could not be true. He placed a rotting fish in a vessel and covered it with clay. When no maggots arose, criticssaid that the clay was blocking the “soul” of the living from getting in so he covered the vessel with sheath cloth and still no maggots appeared.Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to invent the microscope and was the first to find free-living parasites and bacteria, along with sperm cells, blood cells, and protists. He believed that these organisms arose from spontaneous generation and the belief in abiogenesis was revived.Lecture 3 (August 20)What are a covalent bond, ion, ionic bond, pH acids, and bases, polarity and non-polar bonds, and isotope? A covalent bond is formed when two atoms bond by sharing a pair of electrons to fill theouter shell. An ion is an atom with a charge and an ionic bond is formed when two atoms with opposite charges come together because of their attraction. PH is the scale that measure from 1-14; 1 being the most acidic and 14 the most basic. An acid is characterized by having a pH of below 7; acids include lemon juice, battery acid, tomatoes, and wine. A base is characterized by having a pH of above 7 and includes blood, baking soda, bleach, and lye. Polar molecule are slightly positively charged at one end and slightly negatively charged at the other end. Nonpolar molecules have symmetric charges. In nonpolar bonds, electrons areshared evenly. An isotope has the same atomic number as the regular element but have different atomic mass, meaning that they differ in the number of neutrons they have. Lecture 4 (August 22)Why is carbon so important? Why is photosynthesis important to the carbon cycle? What is an isomer? Describe the properties of the functional groups. What is the difference between a monomer and polymer?Carbon is important because every living thing is made of it. Photosynthesis is essential because carbon is recycled through this process and used to create new organisms. An isomer is a compound of the same makeup but in a different formation. There are 4 functional groups: carboxyl, amino acid, phosphate, and hydroxyl. The carboxyl group is acidic and is found in fatty and amino acids; it is also responsible for hydrogen ions. The amino group is found in amino acids and acts as a base that can pick up protons. The phosphate group is found in DNA and ATP and acts as a base as well. The hydroxyl group is found in alcohols and carbs and is polar and attracts water. A monomer is a single molecule that easily bonds with other monomers to form polymers. Examples of monomers are amino acids, simple sugars, fatty acids, and glycerol. Apolymer is a combination of two or more monomers. Examples of polymers are proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids.Lecture 5 (August 27)What are monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and disaccharides? What are common sugars made of? What are calories? What are lipids?Monosaccharides are single sugars; disaccharides are two monosaccharides together; polysaccharides are many sugars. Examples of common disaccharides are: glucose + glucose  maltose (malt sugar), glucose + fructose  sucrose (table sugar), and glucose + galactose  lactose (milk sugar). Maltose is used to make beer. Calories are the amounts of energy that it takes to raise the temperature of water by one degree Celsius. Lipids are saturated fatty acids and are solid at room temperature; they are hydrophobic, meaning they hate water.Lecture 6 (August 29)What are the building blocks of molecules and why are they important? What is the importance of fats, phospholipids, and steroids? Explain amino acids and the structure of proteins. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? What is a polypeptide? What do proteins do?Lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are building blocks of molecules. Lipids and proteins are important because they produce things like cholesterol and nucleic acids are important because they carry the information to make you how you are from one generation to the next through DNA and RNA. Fats are found in nearly everything and can be very healthy or very damaging to the heart. Phospholipids are crucial to the makeup of cellular membranes. They have polar heads that stick in water and nonpolar tails that steer away from water. Steroids are what cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone are. These three things are all important to our bodies and create protein in our