PSYC 4220 1st Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I II III Lack of Conservation Vygotsky s Sociocultural Perspective Vygotsky vs Piaget Outline of Current Lecture I II III IV Evaluation of Vygotsky Preschool Language Development Effects of Poverty on Language Development Social and Personality Development in Preschool A Erikson B Self Concept Current Lecture Evaluation of Vygotsky Emphasized impact of social interaction culture on cognitive i e learning number varies between language depending on how the numbers are structured culture emphasized development Chinese numbers shorter than English ones But counting to 20 is much harder than 1 10 and many more Chinese kids can do it than American kids which may be why they outperform in math later on Useful in educational as long as the two kids working together are far enough apart in age and education that the less educated child won t negatively influence the smarter child Focus on verbal interaction scaffolding as most important Western bias Lack of attention to impact of basic cognitive perceptual motor development Not most precise theory so hard to test unlike Piaget Vygotsky dies early so didn t have lots of time to flush out the theory Preschool Language Development 2 year olds average vocab is 200 words but by 6 they know 10 000 15 000 words How do kids learn words so fast o Fast mapping may help explain this connecting a new word with its meaning after only a brief encounter o When you say a word they assume you are referring to the whole thing you say podium and rather than podium they think it is the whole desk Syntactical bootstrapping figure out meaning of words by observing how they re used in structure of sentence o We often teach kids new adjectives by pointing to it and saying it several times fluffy clouds fluffy blanket fluffy cotton candy o Correcting them with more appropriate words not big doggy but wolf o o o Sentence slowly become more complex and less holographic Around 3 start using grammatical modifiers When learning grammar rules As they are learning they may make mistakes like Overregulation applying rules of grammar to exception where rules don t apply Example saying Daddy goed instead of Daddy went gooses instead of geese They only make these errors 2 5 of the time Say foots instead of feet even if they had said it right before because they learn the rule that you add s to make it plural and are still trying to assimilate the rule to everything without realizing that there are exceptions Begin mastering pragmatics of language o If someone is far you yell and if not you speak in a normal tone o Understand how to re explain if someone doesn t get something based on their facial expression o Start learning to use please and thank you and not saying certain words in front of different people say poop with friends but not grandma o Learn about boundaries and breaking them to get a reaction o Adjust the way they talk based on who they are talking to age 4 o When kids play with puppets use more authoritative tone for mom or dad Effects of Poverty on Language Development poverty Children living in poverty are at a real disadvantage in terms of language development which is unfair because language development is really tied to IQ and school performance Hear fewer words Are spoken to and interacted with less often Less likely to be read to Are more likely to hear prohibitions commands simple sentences no stop go put that away get dressed More simple sentences Have smaller vocabulary Differences begin early slower verbal processing at 18 months Lower IQs by age 5 less ready for school Chapter 10 Social and Personality Development in Preschool Erikson s Psychosocial Stages Autonomy vs Shame and Self doubt 18 36mo Hard to let them be autonomous and succeed at small tasks while not getting frustrated because sometimes they are just not capable of doing it o Need to exercise will develop abilities to do things independently or doubt abilities Initiative vs Guilt 3 6y o Need to initiate carry out tasks successfully or will feel guilty because of their dependence Key to success careful balance between giving independence controlling behavior because they get mad if you help but can be frustrating or hard to watch o i e 5 year old really wants to poor full milk into a cup Its too heavy you say no and they do it anyway they spill it everywhere Sometimes you want to help because they could get hurt and sometimes you want to do it because they are crappy at it and it takes too long Self Concept A person s identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual o o Categorical Self Classifying oneself into social categories 2 3 year old Putting blush on their cheek at 18 months and showing them their reflection in a mirror they will show a reaction be shy excited etc Starts very simple boy or girl age good boy bad boy Culture differences for how kids view themselves and describe themselves Chinese talk about themselves in ways that highlight their group membership I m in the Kim family I help my mom in the kitchen and watch my brothers and sisters Irish American kids describe themselves in ways that highlight their individuality I m good at puzzles I am good at school Categorical self starts as whatever adults are telling you big boy good girl etc 2 5 Caregivers help it develop by talking about past Common to describe themselves by the things they own and the activities they do Becomes more complex by 3 5 but stays concrete ex physical attributes possessions physical activities May include basic attitudes emotions