PSYC 4220 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 18 26 Lecture 18 October 7 What is Piaget s 2nd stage of cognitive development and what occurs during this time 2nd stage Preoperational 2 7 years Last sub stage of sensorimotor stage was all about development of symbolic structure this becomes more complex in the preoperational stage Symbolic function improves and language become more complex Pretend symbolic play becomes a lot more complex o i e pretend to be superheroes mimic their parents develop imaginary companions complex conversations more social and creative o Egocentrism tendency to view world solely from one s own perspective What is Theory of Mind Knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and influences behaviors Gradual increase in understanding from 18m 3 years They have the understanding that you can imagine things imagine a zebra but it is not really there By age 4 start understanding that beliefs influence behavior If you think ice cream is good for you you will eat a lot of ice cream to be healthy But at the age of 4 they realize that what you believe may not always be true Lecture 19 October 9 What are some errors of the preoperational stage Lack of conservation Not understanding that the quantity of something is unrelated to the arrangement physical appearance of objects Why do kids have these problems Can t decenter Decentration ability to focus on two aspects of reality or dimensions of a problem simultaneously Can t multitask or focus on more than one thing at a time What is Vigotsky s Sociocultural perspective and how does it compare to Piaget How social interactions and culture can influence development Main idea cognitive development highly influenced by social interaction culture Kids are seen as apprentices Much more social way of looking at our ability to think 3 main things how do culture social interaction and language influence development Piaget said kids are talking to themselves because they are so egocentric that they think talking to themselves is the same as talking to another person o Egocentric speech young children s speech that is not directed at other people o Due to egocentrism BUT Vygotsky thought o Private speech speech directed to self that guides thoughts and behaviors o He said private speech didn t go away it just became internalized and they would think it in their heads Lecture 20 October 11 Give and evaluation of Vygotsky as a developmental theorist Emphasized impact of social interaction culture on cognitive i e learning number varies between language depending on how the numbers are structured culture emphasized development Useful in educational as long as the two kids working together are far enough apart in age and education that the less educated child won t negatively influence the smarter child Focus on verbal interaction scaffolding as most important Western bias Lack of attention to impact of basic cognitive perceptual motor development How does language develop throughout preschool 2 year olds average vocab is 200 words but by 6 they know 10 000 15 000 words How do kids learn words so fast o Fast mapping may help explain this connecting a new word with its meaning after only a brief encounter o When you say a word they assume you are referring to the whole thing you say podium and rather than podium they think it is the whole desk Syntactical bootstrapping figure out meaning of words by observing how they re used in structure of sentence Overregulation applying rules of grammar to exception where rules don t apply o Example saying Daddy goed instead of Daddy went gooses instead of geese o Learn about boundaries and breaking them to get a reaction o Adjust the way they talk based on who they are talking to age 4 o When kids play with puppets use more authoritative tone for mom or dad o Children living in poverty are at a real disadvantage in terms of language development which is unfair because language development is really tied to IQ and school performance How does personality develop during the preschool period Autonomy vs Shame and Self doubt 18 36mo Erikson Hard to let them be autonomous and succeed at small tasks while not getting frustrated because sometimes they are just not capable of doing it o Need to exercise will develop abilities to do things independently or doubt abilities Initiative vs Guilt 3 6y o Need to initiate carry out tasks successfully or will feel guilty because of their dependence Key to success careful balance between giving independence controlling behavior because they get mad if you help but can be frustrating or hard to watch Self concept A person s identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual Categorical Self Classifying oneself into social categories 2 3 year old Lecture 21 October 14 Discuss gender s presence during the preschool period A lot of expectations for how kids will act what they will like and what they will wear based on sex We begin labeling treating children differently according to gender at birth Infants talked about treated differently Cards before birth already highlight these characteristics girl card talks about visa shopping and boy cards talk about Honda cars Gender identity Ones awareness of one s gender and implications of gender Learn about categories which category they belong to Gender Stability understanding the gender is stable lifelong characteristic By age 4 You are a girl today will be a girl tomorrow and will grow up to be a woman But Gender Constancy understanding that gender stays same despite changes to outward appearance until age 5 6 Gender Typing Acquisition of information concerning sex based characteristics that culture sets for males and females Gender stereotypes overgeneralizations or beliefs about differences between males and females Men instrumental acting upon the world Women expressive having characteristics associated with emotions or relationships When do kids start understanding these stereotypes and start expecting men and women to act in a different way By 2 5 3 say boy or girl dolls prefer gender typed activities Say boy dolls like to hit people play with dad and drive cars and girl dolls like to cook clean and talk a lot Gender typed behavior Preferring activities toys clothes and interests associated with your gender Lecture 22 October 16 How do preschoolers develop friendships Around age 3 Based on desire for companionship play and fun Important for cognitive physical social and emotional well being